Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
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41875 Publications
First measurement of beta-decay properties of the proton drip-line nucleus 60Ga
Mazzocchi, C.; Janas, Z.; Döring, J.; Axiotis, M.; Batist, L.; Borcea, R.; Cano-Ott, D.; Caurier, E.; de Angelis, G.; Farnea, E.; Fassbender, A.; Gadea, A.; Grawe, H.; Jungclaus, A.; Kapica, M.; Kirchner, R.; Kurcewicz, J.; Lenzi, S.; Mart'Inez, T.; Mukha, I.; N'Acher, E.; Napoli, D. R.; Roeckl, E.; Rubio, B.; Schwengner, R.; Tain, J. L.; Ur, C. A.
Abstract
By using the fusion-evaporation reaction 28Si(36Ar,p3n) and spectroscopy of beta-delayed gamma rays and charged particles on mass-separated sources, beta-decay properties of the neutron-deficient isotope 60Ga were studied for the first time. The half-life of 60Ga was determined to be 70(15) ms, and, based on gamma-gamma coincidences, the isobaric-analogue state in 60Zn was identified at 4851.9(7) keV. A semiempirical proton separation energy value of 40(70) keV was deduced for 60Ga. The experimental results on half-life, mass excess, proton separation energy, and structure of the 60Zn daughter states are discussed in comparison with various model predictions, including large scale shell model calculations.
Keywords: Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels; Beta decay; 21. Shell model
- European Physical Journal A 12, 269-277 (2001)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4230
Vacancy-type defects in 6H-SiC caused by N+ and Al+ high fluence co-implantation
Anwand, W.; Brauer, G.; Skorupa, W.
Abstract
6H-SiC n-type wafers were implanted with Al+ and N+ ions in two steps: first N+ double implantation (65 keV, 5x1016 cm-2 , 120 keV, 1.3x1017 cm-2 ) followed by Al+ double implantation (100 keV, 5x1016 cm-2 and 160 keV, 1.3x1017 cm-2 ). The implantation was carried out at a substrate temperature of 800 0C in order to avoid amorphisation. In this way a buried SiC1-x(AlN)x layer could be created. Variable-energy positron Doppler broadening measurements were performed at room temperature using a magnetic transport beam system in order to characterize the vacancy-type defects created by ion implantation. Depth profiles could be evaluated from the measured Doppler broadening profiles. The defect distribution and the defect size after the complete co-implantation are discussed and the contribution of the different implantation steps to the evolution of this defect structure is shown.
Keywords: 6H-SiC; N+ and Al+ co-implantation; vacancy-type defects; slow positron spectroscopy
- Applied Surface Science 194 (2002) 131-135
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Poster
9th International Workshop on Slow Positron Beam Techniques for Solids and Surfaces, Dresden, Germany, September 16-22, 2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4229
The influence of substrate temperature on the evolution of ion implantation induced defects in epitaxial 6H-SiC
Anwand, W.; Brauer, G.; Wirth, H.; Skorupa, W.; Coleman, P. G.
Abstract
An epitaxial n-type 6H-SiC layer has been fourfold implanted with Al+ ions at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1200 oC in order to create a buried p-doped layer from 200 nm to 600 nm below the surface. The defects induced by the ion implantation at different temperatures have been investigated by Slow Positron Implantation Spectroscopy. Higher substrate temperatures were found to lead to a significant reduction in the depth of the damage. However, this is accompanied by the formation of vacancy clusters of sizes up to seven Si-C divacancies. Only at 1200 ºC does the vacancy agglomeration disappear in the implanted region, and larger agglomerates are formed immediately below the surface. Furnace annealing at 1650 ºC was found to be insufficient to remove all damage.
Keywords: epitaxial 6H-SiC; Al implantation; vacancy-type defects; slow positron spectroscopy
- Applied Surface Science 194 (2002) 127-130
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Poster
9th International Workshop on Slow Positron Beam Techniques for Solids and Surfaces, Dresden, Germany, September 16-22, 2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4228
Investigation of ion implantation induced damage in the carbon and silicon sublattices of 6H-SiC
Zolnai, Z.; Khánh, N. Q.; Szilágyi, E.; Kótai, E.; Ster, A.; Posselt, M.; Lohner, T.; Gyulai, J.
Abstract
Single crystal 6H-SiC samples were irradiated at room temperature with 200 keV Al+ ions at fluences ranging from 3.5x1013 to 2.8x1014 ion/cm2. Depth profiles of crystal defects both in the C and Si sublattices were measured by Backscattering Spectrometry combined with channeling technique (BS/C) at 3550 keV 4He+ ion beam energy along the <0001> axial channeling direction. Damage in the carbon sublattice was found to be higher than in the silicon one. Moreover, C/Si damage ratio decreased with increasing fluence. The crystal defect profiles can be well simulated both by full-cascade SRIM and Crystal-TRIM programs. Effective displacement energies for carbon and silicon sublattices in the applied fluence range of Al implantation were determined by comparing SRIM simulations to BS/C results.
Keywords: Silicon carbide; Ion implantation; Backscattering Spectrometry; Defects
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Lecture (Conference)
12th European Conf. on Diamond, Diamond-Like Materials, Carbon Nanotubes, Nitrides and Silicon Carbide, September 2-7, 2001, Budapest, Hungary - Diamond and Related Materials 11 (2002) 1239-1242
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4227
Einfluss von Wasserstoff auf die Zähigkeit von Reaktordruckbehälterstählen
Uhlemann, M.; Böhmert, J.; Müller, G.
Abstract
Niedriglegierte ferritische Stähle gelten ebenso wie die hochlegierten austentischen Stähle als anfällig gegen Wasserstoffversprödung. Im Kernreaktor können Korrosion oder Radiolyse zur Bildung von atomaren Wasserstoff an der inneren Oberfläche des Reaktordruckbehälters und folglich zur Wasserstoffaufnahme während des Reaktorbetriebes führen. Der Beitrag stellt Ergebnisse zum Wasserstoffdiffusionsverhalten, zur Wasserstofflöslichkeit und zum Einfluss des Wasserstoffs auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften vor. Sie wurden an unbestrahlten Druckbehälterstählen unterschiedlicher Art gewonnen und beziehen sich auf solche Bedingungen, die denen im DWR nahe kommen.
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Lecture (Conference)
Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2002, Tagungsbericht, 14.-16.05.2002, Stuttgart, S. 609 -
Contribution to proceedings
Jahrestagung Kerntechnik 2002, Tagungsbericht, 14.-16.05.2002, Stuttgart, S. 609
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4226
ROCOM experiments on the influence of density differences on the coolant mixing inside the reactor pressure vessel of a PWR
Kliem, S.; Prasser, H.-M.; Grunwald, G.; Rohde, U.; Höhne, T.; Weiß, F.-P.
Abstract
During emergency core cooling (ECC) injection into the cold leg of a PWR an incomplete mixing of the injected water with the natural circulation flow in the loop takes place. Due to the higher density of the ECC water a streak of cold water is flowing downwards the downcomer. This causes thermal loads on the reactor pressure vessel wall. Furthermore, the core behaviour is determined by the resulting parameter distributions at the core inlet.
An experimental study was carried out at the ROCOM test facility, a fluid dynamic model of a German type PWR (KONVOI 1300 MWe) in the scale of 1:5. Natural circulation conditions in one loop were approximated by running the corresponding pump at low rotation speed by means of a frequency transformer system. The higher density of the injected water was simulated by adding sugar. The evolution of the spatial distribution of the ECC water was measured by tracering with sodium chloride. Conductivity distributions reflecting the share of ECC water present at given time and location were measured by electrode mesh sensors, one close to the reactor inlet nozzle (16 x 16 measuring points), two sensors in the upper and lower part of the downcomer (2D grids of 4 radial and 64 angular measuring positions) and one sensor at the core entrance (inlets of each of 193 fuel elements).
The paper presents visualisations of the streak effect in the downcomer. The transition from momentum driven flow in the downcomer to a density driven regime was identified (critical Froude number). In the experiments the relative density difference was varied between 0 and 10 % and the loop flow rate between 0 and 15 % of the nominal. The streak effect is more pronounced at higher density differences.
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Lecture (Conference)
Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2002, Stuttgart, Germany, May 14-16, 2002 Proceedings pp. 65-69 -
Contribution to proceedings
Annual Meeting on Nuclear Technology 2002, Stuttgart, Germany, May 14-16, 2002 Proceedings pp. 65-69
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4225
Syntheses and first crystal structures of rhenium complexes derived from omega-functionalized fatty acids as model compounds of technetium tracers for myocardial metabolism imaging
Jung, C. M.; Kraus, W.; Leibnitz, P.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Kropp, J.; Spies, H.
Abstract
In an attempt to develop new technetium-based radiopharmaceuticals for the non-invasive diagnosis of myocardial metabolism, we have synthesized three examples of novel metal-containing fatty acid derivatives according to the '3+1' mixed-ligand and the Schiff Base/tricarbonyl design. The chelates contain the metal core in the oxidation states +5 and +1 respectively, and were attached to the ending position of a fatty acid chain. The complex formation was accomplished by ligand exchange reactions using three different rhenium precursors, whereas the inactive rhenium metal was utilized as surrogate of the technetium radionuclide. The molecular structures of the fatty acid complexes 7, 10 and 14 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and show impressively a general problem in technetium tracer research, namely the significant structural alterations of bioactive molecules by coordination even to small-sized metal chelates.
Keywords: rhenium; technetium; fatty acid; drug research, radiopharmaceuticals
- European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry (2002) 1219-1225
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4224
Linear three-dimensional instability of a magnetically driven flow
Grants, I.; Gerbeth, G.
Abstract
The instability of a rotating magnetic field driven liquid metal flow in a finite cylinder with respect to infinitesimal azimuthally periodic
perturbations is studied numerically. This instability is observed to set in prior to its axisymmetric counterpart with relatively low frequency at diameter-to-height ratios between 0.5 and 2. The both, axisymmetric and three-dimensional instabilities have similar characteristic features. The instability originates in the cross-section of the horizontal and vertical rotating boundary layers and excites inertial waves in the inviscid core.
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics (2002), vol. 463, pp. 229-239
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4223
Targeting of human gamma-glutamyltransferase with mAb 138H11 in a new renal cell carcinoma mouse model
Zimmermann, J.; Sachsinger, J.; Ivancevic, V.; Künstler, J.-U.; Michael, R.; Knoll, K.; Reszka, R.; Seifert, S.; Krause, H.; Munz, D. L.; Heicappell, R.; Fischer, P.
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) belongs to the 12 most frequent tumors in Germany. Its incidence increases worldwide. 30% to 40% of patients already have metastases when the tumor is diagnosed and further 50% develop metastases after tumor resection. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy have no therapeutic effect against RCC. Systematic therapy of RCC with immunostimulatory cytokines is limited by dose due to serious side effects. A tumor targeting antibody offers the possibility to achieve efficient local doses of cytotoxic or immunostimulating reagents within the tumor without high systemic burden.
Our approach is to treat metastatic RCC with immunoactive agents coupled to our mAb 138H11 specific for human GGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase) which has the ability to target human clear cell and papillary RCC. In extracorporeal transfusion experiments with human RCC-bearing kidney 99m-Tc-labeled 138H11 was enriched up to 20-fold in the tumor. Treatment of nude mice bearing human RCC xenografts with a highly cytotoxic drug (Calicheamicin theta) conjugated to mAb 138H11 led to a significant shrinkage of tumor mass (Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 6089-6094). However, these nude mice are not useful for evaluating ADCC of naked 138H11 or immunoactive conjugates.
For creating a syngeneic immunocompetent mouse model bearing a tumor sensitive to mAb 138H11, we stably transfected the murine RCC RENCA cell line with the human GGT-gene. FACS-analyses revealed that transfected cells were positive for mAb 138H11, in contrast to wild type cells. The transfected cells were growing s.c. in Balb/c Mice without signs of rejection by the host. The mice showed a higher uptake of 99m-Tc-labeled 138H11 in the GGT positive RENCA tumors compared to the wild type tumors.
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Abstract in refereed journal
Immunobiology 204 (2001) 308-309 -
Poster
32nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Immunology, September 2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4222
EXAFS Analyses in Radiopharmaceutical Research: Stability Studies of Technetium(I) Carbonyl Complexes in Solution
Seifert, S.; Künstler, J.-U.; Gupta, A.; Funke, H.; Reich, T.; Hennig, C.; Roßberg, A.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Alberto, R.; Johannsen, B.
Abstract
Nowadays, the majority of radiopharmaceuticals used in routine nuclear medicine imaging procedures are 99mTc labelled compounds, and intensive research is in progress to design new 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals. Investigation of Tc and Re carbonyl chemistry has led to an organometallic M(I) aqua ion, M(CO)3(H2O)3]+
(M = Tc, Re), as a precursor for the preparation of complexes containing the small [M(CO)3]+ moiety. Tc(I) and Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes represent a new and promising approach to low-valent, non-polar and inert compounds. Complexes with N-donor or S-donor chelating ligands coordinated to the M(I) tricarbonyl moiety with high stability in aqueous solution may serve in the design of radiopharmaceuticals [1, 2].
The aim of this work was to investigate the stability of a model Tc(I) dithioether-tricarbonyl complex, Tc1, in aqueous solution and to estimate structural
parameters for the dissolved compounds. Owing to the extremely small concentration of the radionuclide present in the radiopharmaceutical preparation (106 108 M), XAS studies as well as most other chemical investigations employ the long-lived isotope 99Tc (K-edge at 21.044 keV). We found that the complex Tc1 is reversibly transformed into the complex Tc1a in aqueous solution (Figure 24).
Fig. 24: Reversible transformation of the complex Tc1 in aqueous solution.
Chemical investigations were performed both at the 99Tc and 99mTc levels. The change of charge of the complexes was determined by electrophoresis. Mass-spectrometric analyses and EXAFS measurements confirmed the composition of the compounds. EXAFS analyses were carried out at BM20 (Rossendorf CRG beamline, ROBL) [3]. 99Tc solutions of Tc1 and Tc1a were prepared by dissolving solid Tc1 in water/methanol and adding chloride or Ag+, respectively. With an excess of sodium chloride the equilibrium (Figure 24) is on the side of the Tc1 complex. If chloride is removed from the equilibrium by precipitation as AgCl, Tc1a is the species in solution. To obtain a satisfactory evaluation of the EXAFS spectra and the Fourier transforms, single-scattering paths including the C, O and S/Cl coordination shells and multiple-scattering paths to model the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group were taken into account (Figure 25). The estimated atomic distances are 1.92 Å (TcC), 2.49 Å (TcS or TcCl), 2.19 Å (TcOaq) and 3.06 Å (TcOCO). The coordination numbers agree with the molecular structure represented in Figure 24. EXAFS analysis of Tc1a shows the same structural parameters for the C, S/Cl and CO coordination shells as Tc1 except that the coordination number for the S/Cl coordination shell is lowered by approximately one. In addition, the detection of 1.2 ± 0.3 oxygen atoms at 2.19 Å proves the substitution of chlorine by water. This can be seen in Figure 25 as a reduction of the magnitude of the second peak in the Fourier transform since electron back-scattering from the oxygen atom is weaker than from the chlorine atom.
Fig. 25: Tc K-edge k3-weighted EXAFS spectra and the corresponding Fourier transforms of Tc1 and Tc1a (solid line: experimental data, dotted line: fit), transmission mode, sample concentration 3.5 x 10-2 M, sample thickness 1 cm, room temperature.
EXAFS analyses were successfully used to determine structural parameters of Tc(I) tricarbonyl complexes in solution. In connection with chromatographic,
electrophoretic and mass-spectrometric methods, it was found that Tc(I) tricarbonyl complexes containing a bidentate thioether ligand are able to react with water by
exchange of chlorine.
References
[1] R. Alberto et al., Coordination Chem. Rev., 190-192, 901 (1999).
[2] H.-J. Pietzsch et al., Bioconj. Chem., 11, 414 (2000).
[3] W. Matz et al., J. Synchrotron Rad., 6, 1076 (...
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Contribution to external collection
ESRF Highlights 2000 (2001) 22-23
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4221
Anordnung zur quantitativen Bildrekonstruktion
Hoppe, D.; Christen, M.
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft Materialuntersuchungen mit Hilfe der Tomographie.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, auch dann eine quantitative Bildrekonstruktion durchführen zu können, wenn im zu untersuchenden Objekt kein Gebiet bekannter Absorption vorhanden ist.
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Patent
DE 101 44 261 A1 - 10. April 2003 -
Patent
DE 101 44 261 B4 - 20. Dezember 2007
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4220
Schichtmaterial für optische Informationsträger und Lichtmasken sowie ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des Schichtmaterials
Teichert, J.; Bischoff, L.; Tsvetkovam, T.
Abstract
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein neues Schichtmaterial für optische Informationsträger und Lichtmasken sowie ähnlich gelagerte Anwendungen vorzuschlagen. Außerdem wird ein einfaches Verfahren zur lokalen Veränderung der optischen Absorption in diesem Schichtmaterial angegeben, mit dem Strukturgrößen erreichbar sind, wie sie die fortgeschrittene Halbleiterindustrie fordert.
Das Schichtmaterial besteht aus amorphem, hydroxierten Siliciumkarbid der Form a-SiC:H, die Schichtbereiche hoher optischer Absorption enthalten Metallatome, vorzugsweise Gallium oder Zinn.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 43 616.5 -
Patent
DE 101 43 616 A 1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4219
Biomaterial und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung
Pham, M. T.; Maitz, M. F.
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Biomaterial und ein Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung. Potentielle Anwendungen sind medizinische Implantologie, Gewebezüchtung, Biotechnologie und Pharmazeutik.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Biomaterial für Anwendungen in medizinischer Implantologie, Gewebezüchtung, Biotechnologie und Pharmazeutik zu schaffen, das eine gute Strukturbildung und Haftfestigkeit aufweist sowie die zellbiologischen Aspekte berücksichtigt.
Der Erfindung obliegt auch die Aufgabe, ein einfaches und anwendungswirksames Verfahren zur Herstellung des genannten Biomaterials vorzuschlagen.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 43 410.3 -
Patent
DE 101 43 410 A 1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4218
Radioaktiv markierte 3-O-Methyl-6-halogen-L-DOPA- Verbindung, (3-O-Methyl-6-halogen-L-4-hydroxyphenylalanin, 3-(2-Halogen-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-phenyl)-2-amino-propansäure) und deren Verwendung zur Diagnose und Therapie von Tumoren sowie ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung
Füchtner, F.; Bergmann, R.; Steinbach, J.; Wunderlich, G.; Bredow, J.
Abstract
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es Substanzen vorzuschlagen, die zur Diagnose und Therapie von Tumoren in der Nuklearmedizin geeignet sind und ein Verfahren zur Herstellung der Substanzen anzugeben.
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Patent
DE 101 27 835 A 1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4217
Verfahren und Schaltungsanordnung zur Regelung von Extremwerten
Herbrand, F.
Abstract
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Schaltungsanordnung vorzuschlagen, mit denen der Extremwert einer Größe, oft als Gütegröße bezeichnet, auch bei sehr kleinen Stellbewegungen zu finden und zu halten ist und bei denen der Suchverlust durch die Suchbewegungen konstant gehalten werden kann.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 27 878.0 -
Patent
DE 101 27 878 A1 -
Patent
EP 1 267 228 A2
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4216
Verfahren zur Behandlung heteroepitaktischer Halbleiterschichten auf Siliziumsubstraten
Gebel, T.; Heera, V.; Panknin, D.; Skorupa, W.; Voelskow, M.; Eickhoff, M.
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Behandlung heteroepitaktisch auf Siliziumsubstraten abgeschiedener Halbleiterschichten. Die Erfindung soll insbesondere für die Herstellung elektronischer Bauelemente eingesetzt werden.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 27 073.9 -
Patent
DE 101 27 197 A1 -
Patent
EP 1 263 030 A2
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4215
Verfahren zur Behandlung heteroepitaktischer Halbleiterschichten auf Silicon-on-insulator(SOI)-Substraten
Gebel, T.; Heera, V.; Panknin, D.; Skorupa, W.; Voelskow, M.; Eickhoff, M.
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Behandlung heteroepitaktisch auf SOI-Substraten abgeschiedener Halbleiterschichten. Die Erfindung soll insbesondere für die Herstellung elektronischer Bauelemente eingesetzt werden.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 27 074.7 -
Patent
DE 101 27 074 A 1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4214
Anordnung zur tomographischen Bildrekonstruktion
Hoppe, D.
Abstract
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, dass bei Auftreten von Fluid-Gas-Gemischen (2-Phasen-Gemischen) für das Rekonstruktionsobjektbild die Fehler verringert oder vermieden werden.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 21 998.9 -
Patent
DE 101 21 998 A1 -
Patent
DE 101 21 998 B4
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4213
Anordnung zur messtechnischen Erfassung einer Projektion des Strahlungsabsorptionsvermögens eines periodisch veränderlichen Messobjekts
Prasser, H.-M.; Zschau, J.
Abstract
Die Anwendung ist insbesondere als tomographische Anordnung zur Erzeugung von Schnittbildern von Objekten gegeben, deren Gestalt beziehungsweise Zusammensetzung schnellen Änderungen unterworfen ist, und zwar für den Fall, dass die Änderungen sich zeitlich periodisch wiederholen.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Anordnung vorzuschlagen, die auch bei Objekten, deren Gestalt beziehungsweise Zusammensetzung schnellen, sich periodisch wiederholenden Änderungen unterworfen sind, die Ermittlung von Projektionen gestattet, die einen Momentanzustand oder eine Abfolge von Momentanzuständen der periodisch veränderlichen Verteilung des Absorptionsverhaltens repräsentieren und aus denen sich die Verteilungen selbst rekonstruieren lassen und die dabei mit einer kontinuierlich Strahlung aussendenden Gammaquelle auskommt.
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Patent
Patentanmeldung Az 101 17 569.8 -
Patent
DE 101 17 569 C1 -
Patent
WO 02/080772 A1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4212
Structure and evolution of electric dipole strength in 204,206,208 Pb below the neutron emission threshold
Enders, J.; von Brentano, P.; Eberth, J.; Fitzler, A.; Fransen, C.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Kaiser, H.; Käubler, L.; von Neumann-Cosel, P.; Pietralla, N.; Ponomarev, V. Y.; Prade, H.; Richter, A.; Schnare, H.; Schwengner, R.; Skoda, S.; Thomas, H. G.; Tiesler, H.; Weisshaar, D.; Wiedenhöver, I.
Abstract
Not available
- Physics Letters B 486 (2000) 279-285
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4210
Experimental Investigation of the Emergency Condenser of the SWR1000
Schaffrath, A.; Hicken, E. F.; Prasser, H.-M.; Palavecino, C.
Abstract
The experimental investigations of the emergency condenser of the SWR1000 done at Forschungszentrum Jülich is described in detail. After the description of the emergency condenser operation mode and the NOKO Test facility the performance and the evaluation of several bundle tests are presented. From the bundle tests a thermal and a hydraulic condition are developed. Single tube test results are remarked at the end of the presentation.
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Lecture (others)
Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentinien, 28.11.-04.12.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4209
Modeling of Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes
Schaffrath, A.; Krüssenberg, A.-K.; Alt, S.
Abstract
In the presentation the modeling of condensation inside horizontal tubes is described. The differences between condensation in vertical tubes and in horizontal tubes is explained in detail. The development of the improvement KONWAR for the German thermohydraulic program system ATHLET is decribed in detail. Afterwards the validation of this improvement with the two different experiments NOKO (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH) and HORUS (Universität Zittau/Görlitz) is presented.
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Lecture (others)
Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentinien, 28.11.-04.12.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4208
Investigation of Two Phase Flow in Vertical Pipes
Schaffrath, A.; Krüssenberg, A.-K.; Prasser, H.-M.
Abstract
In the presentation a description of the investigations concerning flowmaps for vertical pipes done at the institute of safety research are given. That means, the test facility MTLOOP of the institute with its measurement techniques and the test matrix is described in detail. From these experiments a new criterium for the bubble to slug flow transition is presented. Afterwards, the comparison of this criterium to existing flow maps is done.
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Lecture (others)
Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentinien, 28.11.-04.12.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4207
TOPFLOW - a new multipurpose test facility for the investigation of transient two phase flows
Schaffrath, A.; Krüssenberg, A.-K.; Weiß, F.-P.; Prasser, H.-M.
Abstract
In the presentation a description of the new multipurpose thermohydraulic test facility TOPFLOW is given including the construction phase and the main working fields. Then, after the details about flow diagram and facility loayout as well as the building layout the chosen documentatin form via internet and intranet is presented. Ideas concerning possible CAREM system tests in TOPFLOW are summarized, too.
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Lecture (others)
Centro Atomico Bariloche, Argentinien, 26.11.-04.12.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4206
Spectroscopy of 44,46Ti with the Binary Reaction Spectrometer and Euroball
Thummerer, S.; Gebauer, B.; Bohlen, H. G.; von Oertzen, W.; Bazzacco, D.; Lenzi, S. M.; Algora, A.; de Angelis, G.; Gadea, A.; Napoli, D. R.; Borcan, C.; Dönau, F.; Käubler, L.; Schnare, H.; Schwengner, R.; Peter, I.; Beck, C.; Bhattacharya, C.; Rousseau, M.; Noucier, R.; Lisle, J.
Abstract
Not available
- Physica Scripta T 88 (2000) 114
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4205
Magnetic rotation in the A = 80 region: M1 bands in heavy Rb isotopes
Schwengner, R.; Schnare, H.; Frauendorf, S.; Dönau, F.; Käubler, L.; Prade, H.; Grosse, E.; Jungclaus, A.; Lieb, K. P.; Lingk, C.; Skoda, S.; Eberth, J.; de Angelis, G.; Gadea, A.; Farnea, E.; Napoli, D. R.; Ur, C. A.; Lo Bianco, G.
Abstract
We have studied the isotopes 82Rb45, 83Rb46, and 84Rb47 to search for magnetic rotation which is predicted in the tilted-axis cranking model for a certain mass region around A = 80. Excited states in these nuclei were populated via the reaction 11B + 76Ge with E = 50 MeV at the XTU tandem accelerator of the LNL Legnaro. Based on a -coincidence experiment using the spectrometer GASP we have found magnetic dipole bands in each studied nuclide. The regular M1 bands observed in the odd-odd nuclei 82Rb and 84Rb include B(M1)/B(E2) ratios decreasing smoothly with increasing spin in a range of 13-≤Jπ≤16-. These bands are interpreted in the tilted-axis cranking model on the basis of four-quasiparticle configurations of the type π(fp) πg9/2
2 vg9/2. This is the first evidence of magnetic rotation in the A ≈ 80 region. In contrast, the M1 sequences in the odd-even nucleus 83Rb are not regular, and the B(M1)/B(E2) ratios show a pronounced staggering.
Keywords: in-beam gamma-spectroscopy; magnetic dipole bands
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Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 105, 133 (2000) 133
DOI: 10.6028/jres.105.017
Cited 14 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4204
Three-quasiparticle excitations in $^{77}$Br
Döring, J.; Funke, L.; Schwengner, R.; Winter, G.
Abstract
Not available
- Physical Review C 48 (1993) 2524-2547
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4203
Quadrupole moments of high-spin isomers: Test of the tilted-axis cranking model
Balabanski, D. L.; Vyvey, K.; Neyens, G.; Almehed, D.; Blaha, P.; Borremans, D.; Chmel, S.; Coulier, N.; Coussement, R.; de Clercq, W.; Frauendorf, S.; Georgiev, G.; Hubel, H.; Lepine-Szily, A.; Mineva, M.; Nenoff, N.; Pancholi, S.; Rossbach, D.; Schwengner, R.; Teughels, S.; Walker, P.
Abstract
We report the results of recent measurements of the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of high-spin isomers. For the K-pi = 35/2(-) five-quasiparticle isomer in W-179 we measured Q(B) =4.00 ((+0.83)(-1.06)) eb. It corresponds to a smaller deformation compaxed to the ground states of the W isotopes and is in disagreement with the current theoretical predictions. We also measuredthe quadrupole moment of the I-pi = 11(-) isomer in Pb-196, Q(s) = (-)3.41(66) eb. It has the same proton (s(1/2)(-2)h(9)/(2)i(13/2)) configuration as the one suggested for the 11 = 16(-) magneticbandhead which allows to deduce the quadrupole moment of the 16(-) state as Q(s) = -0.316(97) eb. This small value proves the near sphericity of the bandhead.
- Acta Physica Polonica B 32 (2001) 2655
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4202
Synthesis and biological evaluation of technetium(III) mixed-ligand complexes with high affinity for the cerebral 5-HT1A receptor and the alpha1-adrenergic receptor
Drews, A.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Syhre, R.; Seifert, S.; Varnäs, K.; Hall, H.; Halldin, C.; Kraus, W.; Karlsson, P.; Johnsson, C.; Spies, H.; Johannsen, B.
Abstract
Tc(III) and Re(III) complexes [M(NS3)(CNR)] (M = Re, 99mTc, NS3 = 2,2',2''-nitrilotris(ethanethiol), CNR = functionalized isocyanide bearing a derivative of WAY 100635) have been synthesized and characterized. Re was used as Tc surrogate for chemical characterization and in vitro receptor-binding studies. For two representatives subnanomolar affinities for the 5-HT1A as well as for the alpha1-adrenergic receptor were reached. Biodistribution studies in rats of the 99mTc complexes showed brain uptakes between 0.3 and 0.5 % ID/organ (5 min p.i.). In vitro autoradiography of one 99mTc representative in sections of post mortem human brain indicate its accumulation in 5-HT1A receptor-rich brain regions. However, addition of the specific 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT as well as the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin could not substantially block this tracer accumulation. A preliminary SPET study in a monkey showed negligible brain uptake.
- Nuclear Medicine and Biology 29 (2002) 389-398
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4201
Kühlmittelvermischung in Druckwasserreaktoren Teil 1: Möglichkeiten geschlossener analytischer Lösungen und Simulation der Vermischung mit CFX-4
Grunwald, G.; Höhne, T.; Prasser, H.-M.; Rohde, U.
Abstract
Ziel des Vorhabens war die analytische und numerische Simulation der Kühlmittelvermischung im Ringraum und unteren Plenum von Druckwasserreaktoren. Generell ist die Kühlmittelvermischung relevant für zwei große Störfallgruppen - Borsäureverdünnungsstörfälle und Kaltwassertransienten. Zur Untersuchung der Vermischungsphänomene aus diesen Störfallszenarien wurde die Rossendorfer Versuchsanlage ROCOM konzipiert, die ein 1:5 skaliertes Plexiglasmodell des DWR Konvoi darstellt, in dem auch Geschwindigkeitsmessungen mit Hilfe von LDA-Technik möglich sind. Konstruktion, Errichtung und meßtechnische Ausstattung von ROCOM erfolgten in einem 2. Teil des Vorhabens. Im Vorfeld der Errichtung des ROCOM-Versuchsstandes wurden mit Hilfe des dreidimensionalen Strömungsberechnungsprogrammes CFX-4 Skalierungseffekte untersucht. Die Vergleichsrechnungen belegten, daß eine 1:5 Skalierung ausreichend ist. Nach dem Aufbau des Versuchsstandes und der Inbetriebnahme im 2. Teil des Vorhabens wurden die Vorausberechnungen anhand von experimentellen Ergebnissen bestätigt. Es wurde weiterhin ein Verfahren zur vereinfachten analytischen 2D-Beschreibung des Strömungsfeldes im Ringraum von Druckwasserreaktoren aufgestellt. Es beruht auf der Potentialtheorie, wobei Quellen an den Kühlmitteleintrittspositionen und Wirbel unter Beachtung der Randbedingungen der typischen Ringspaltgeometrie von DWR überlagert wurden. Der Schwerpunkt des Projektes lag jedoch in der numerischen Simulation der Kühlmittelvermischung unterschiedlicher Reaktoranlagen mit CFX-4 und der Validierung des Rechenprogramms anhand von Vermischungsexperimenten. Dabei wurden sowohl stationäre Schleifendurchsätze bei Nominalbetrieb und Teilschleifenbetrieb bzw. transiente Strömungsbedingungen der Reaktortypen DWR Konvoi und WWER-440 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der CFX-4 Rechnungen im Vergleich mit den Leitfähigkeits- bzw. LDA-Messungen sind im Abschlußbericht dokumentiert. Grundlage für diesen Abschlußbericht ist eine Promotionsarbeit von T. Höhne zum gleichnamigen Thema im Rahmen des Kompetenzerhaltungsprogrammes Kerntechnik.
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-335 Oktober 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4200
Jahresbericht 2. Halbjahr 1999/2000 Forschungszentrum Rossendorf
Ottow, S.
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-327 August 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4199
Group-IV Nanocluster Formation by Ion Beam Synthesis
Skorupa, W.; Rebohle, L.; Gebel, T.
Abstract
A short review of our investigations devoted to the use of ion beam synthesized nanoclusters for silicon based light emission and nonvolatile memory effects is presented. Blue-violet light emission is demonstrated basing on Ge-implanted silicon dioxide layers thermally grown on silicon substrates. This version of silicon-based light emission relies on Ge-related defects in the amorphous -Si-O-Si- network. The photo (PL) - and electroluminescence (EL) is excited by a singlett S0-S1 transition of neutral oxygen vacancy and by electron injection from the silicon substrate into the silicon dioxide layer, respectively. Whereas the PL excitation is a well-known mechanism, for the case of electroluminescence an interpretation was performed for the first time in the course of our studies. It is found that the most probable way to excite luminescence centers is the impact excitation by hot electrons. Whereas the injection is explained by trap assisted tunneling of electrons from the substrate into the oxide, the electrons will be transported via traps or in the SiO2 conduction band. The application of the silicon-based light emitting devices for an optocoupler arrangement are described. Another application of nanoclusters is basing on the investigation of thin Si-implanted silicon dioxide layers for nonvolatile memory applications. First promising results demonstrated that the observed programming window can reach several volts and the devices exhibit excellent retention behavior. A 256k-nv-SRAM is demonstrated showing a programming window >1V for write pulses of 12V/8ms.
Keywords: ion implantation; ion beam synthesis; silicon dioxide; silicon; germanium; tin; charge trapping; photoluminescence; electroluminescence; integrated optocoupler; nonvolatile memory device
- Applied Physics A Volume 76(2003)1049-1059
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4198
Doppeldiffusive Instabilität beim Flüssig-Flüssig-Stoffübergang: Simulation und Experiment
Grahn, A.
Abstract
Der Stofftransport über Flüssig-Flüssig-Phasengrenzen führt sehr oft zu hydrodynamischen Instabilitäten und zur Bildung von dissipativen, d. h. konvektiven Strukturen. Zwei Mechanismen liegen diesen Instabilitäten zurunde. Der erste ist mit dem Wirken von Grenzflächenspannungsgradienten in Systemen mit flüssigen oder flüssig-gasförmigen Grenzflächen verbunden und wird als Marangoniinstabilität bezeichnet. Der zweite, als Rayleigh-Bénard-Instabilität bezeichnete Mechanismus wird durch Auftriebskräfte aufgrund lokaler Dichteunterschiede verursacht. In diesem Beitrag soll über experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen berichtet werden, die an Systemen vorgenommen wurden, bei denen die übergehende Komponente eine chemischen Reaktion an der Grenzfläche eingeht und Auftriebskräfte bei der Ausbildung der Instabilität dominieren.
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Lecture (Conference)
GVC/DECHEMA-Jahrestagungen 2002, Wiesbaden, 11.-13.6.2002 Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 74 (2002), S. 570 -
Contribution to proceedings
GVC/DECHEMA-Jahrestagungen 2002, Wiesbaden, 11.-13.6.2002 Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 74 (2002), S. 570
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4196
Beta decay of 56Cu
Borcea, R.; Äystö, J.; Caurier, E.; Dendooven, P.; Döring, J.; Gierlik, M.; Górska, M.; Grawe, H.; Hellström, M.; Janas, Z.; Jokinen, A.; Karny, M.; Kirchner, R.; La Commara, M.; Langanke, K.; Martínez-Pinedo, G.; Mayet, P.; Nieminen, A.; Nowacki, F.; Penttilä, H.; Plochocki, A.; Rejmund, M.; Roeckl, E.; Schwengner, R.; Schlegel, C.; Schmidt, K.; Sawicka, M.
Abstract
The proton-rich isotope 56Cu was produced at the GSI On-Line Mass Separator by means of the 28Si(32S, p3n)
fusion¯evaporation reaction. Its -decay properties were studied by detecting -delayed rays and protons. A half-life of
93±3 ms was determined for 56Cu. Compared to the previous work, six new rays and three new levels were assigned to the
daughter nucleus 56Ni. The measured Gamow¯Teller strength values for five 56Ni levels are compared to shell-model
predictions
- Nuclear Physics A 695 (2001) 69-81
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4195
Double-diffusive instability during liquid-liquid mass transfer---simulation and experiment
Grahn, A.
Abstract
Mass transfer across interfaces in liquid-liquid systems may give rise to hydrodynamic instability and the formation of various dissipative, i. e. convective, structures. There are two basic mechanisms leading to instability. The first one is related to the action of surface tension gradients in systems with free interfaces and is referred to as Marangoni effect while the second one is related to buoyancy forces and is referred to as Rayleigh-B'enard instability. Convection at the interface and in the bulk of the liquids greatly enhances mass transfer rates. This paper reports on experimental and numerical studies which have been carried out on systems where the transferred species undergoes a chemical reaction at the interface and buoyancy forces predominate.
Keywords: double-diffusive instability; hydrodynamic instability; convective instability; buoyancy; liquid-liquid mass transfer; fingers; fingering; fingering criterion; interface; interfacial reaction; simulation; CFD; visualization
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Lecture (Conference)
HEAT 2002: Third International Conference Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, Baranow Sandomierski, Poland, June 24-27, 2002, pp. 293-300 -
Contribution to proceedings
HEAT 2002: Third International Conference Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, Baranow Sandomierski, Poland, June 24-27, 2002, pp. 293-300
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4194
Numerical investigation and measurement of transient two-phase boiling flow
Yeoh, G. H.; Tu, J. Y.; Krepper, E.; Prasser, H.-M.
Abstract
Transient boiling is examined for conditions related to the hypothetical heating of liquids in a storage tank by an external fire, with the potential for evaporation of the liquids and the release of toxic gases into the environment. Temperature and void fraction distribution data were obtained from an experiment on water heated in a tank. Numerical simulations were also performed. These generally agreed reasonably well with measurements.
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Lecture (Conference)
14th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Adelaide Australia, 10-14 December 2001, Proceedings pp. 865-868 -
Contribution to proceedings
14th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, Adelaide Australia, 10-14 December 2001, Proceedings pp. 865-868
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4193
Jahresbericht 1999/2000 Abteilung Kommunikation und Datenverarbeitung, FZR-324
Fülle, R.
Abstract
Bericht über Dienste und Weiterentwicklung der IT-Infrastruktur des FZR im Zeitraum 1999 bis 2000 in den Tätigkeitsbereichen Zentrale Server, Datennetz und Benutzerservice.
Keywords: IT-Infrastruktur; Server; Datennetze; Benutzerservice
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-324 Juli 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4192
On back-reaction effects in the Riga dynamo experiment
Gailitis, A.; Lieleausis, O.; Platacis, E.; Gerbeth, G.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
The most prominent back-reaction effects observed in the Riga dynamo experiment are presented and a preliminary interpretation of them is given.
- Magnetohydrodynamics, Vol. 38, No. 1/2 (2002), pp. 15-26
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4191
Microscopy of ion-beam generated fluorescent color-center patterns in LiF
Martin, J.; Bischoff, L.; Wannemacher, R.
Abstract
Color centers have been generated on [100] surfaces of LiF crystals by irradiation with a focussed beam of 35 keV Ga+ ions at room temperature and at 240 K. The luminescence of two centers at 655 and 540 nm, ascribed to F2 and F3+ centers, respectively, has been detected and spatially resolved, with spatial resolution in the range of 1 µm, by imaging microscopy, as well as by laser scanning confocal microscopy. Diffusion and pinning of color centers have been observed directly in this way. Due to the high intensity in the focal spot of the confocal microscope nonlinear photophysical and photochemical processes are observed. For example an additional emission at 775 nm could be detected at high excitation density. The luminescence band is tentatively ascribed to radiative triplet-triplet emissions of F2 centers after recombination of F2+ centers with an electron.
Keywords: color centres; laser; LiF
- Optics Communications 188 (1-4) (2001) 119-128
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4190
Complex Formation of Uranium(VI) with Fructose and Glucose Phosphates
Koban, A.; Geipel, G.; Bernhard, G.; Fanghänel, T.
Abstract
The uptake of heavy metals into plants is commonly quantified by the soil-plant transfer factor. Up to now little is known about the chemical speciation of actinides in plants. To compare the obtained spectroscopic data of uranium complexes in plants with model compounds, we investigate the complexation of uranium with relevant bioligands of various functionalities. A very important class of ligands are phosphate esters, which serve as phosphate group and energy transmitters as well as energy storage mediums in biological systems. Heavy metal ions bound to the phosphate esters can be transported into living cells and than deposited.
Therefore, in our study we present the results of uranium complexation with glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) obtained by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). The experiments were performed at a fixed uranyl concentration (10-5 M) as a function of the ligand concentrations (10-5 to 10-3 M) in a pH range from 2 to 4.5.
For the glucose phosphate system we observed, using increasing ligand concentrations, a decreased fluorescence intensity and a small red shift of the emission bands. From this we conclude that the complexed uranyl glucose phosphate species either show only minor or no fluorescence properties. The TRLFS spectra of the glucose phosphate samples indicated the presence of only one species with fluorescence properties. This species has a lifetime of approximately 1.5µs and was identified as the free uranyl ion.
An opposite phenomenon was observed for the fructose phosphate system: There was no decrease of fluorescence intensity. However, a strong red shift of the spectra was observed illustrating the fluorescence properties of the uranyl fructose phosphate complex. The TRLFS spectra of the fructose phosphate system showed a second lifetime (<1µs) belonging to the complexed species.
The concentration of the free uranyl ion was determined on the basis of the measured fluorescence spectra. These data were used to calculate the corresponding concentrations of the uranyl sugar phosphate complexes and the non complexed ligands. The complex formation reaction is assumed to be:
x lig + UO2
2+ <==> UO2(lig)x
(2-y)+ + y H+ (lig = sugar phosphate)
Applying the mass action law and transformation to the logarithmic scale, we obtain:
log {[UO2(lig)x
(2-y)+] / [UO2
2+]} = x log[lignonkomplexed] - y log[H+] + logK
From this we conclude, that 1:1 uranyl sugar phosphate species UO2(ROPO3) (R is either glucose or fructose) has formed. Using these data complex formation constants for the complexes were calculated to be in the range of logK=3.7 for G6P and 3.2 for F6P.
Keywords: uranium complexes; sugar phosphates; complex formation constants
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Lecture (Conference)
14th Radiochemical Conference Marianske Lazne, Czech Republic, 14 - 18 April 2002
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4186
Tomographisches Messverfahren für die Gasverteilung in einer Axialpumpe bei Zweiphasenbetrieb
Baldauf, D.; Christen, M.; Fietz, J.; Hampel, U.; Hoppe, D.; Prasser, H.-M.; Will, G.; Zippe, C.; Zschau, J.
Abstract
Bei einer Vielzahl von natürlichen und technischen Strömungsvorgängen besteht das strömende Medium aus mehreren Phasen. Bei der Förderung derartiger Medien mit Kreiselpumpen führen bislang nicht genügend bekannte Vorgänge bei bestimmten Betriebsbedingungen zu einer starken Verringerung der Förderleistung und einem Anstieg des Leistungsbedarfs. Bei der Förderung von gasbeladenen Flüssigkeiten kann ein zu hoher Gasanteil zum vollständigen Zusammenbruch der Förderung führen. Zusätzlich führt die erosive Wirkung von Kavitation zu einer starken Minderung der Lebensdauer der Pumpe.
Diese Arbeit beschreibt ein neuartiges Verfahren, das es erstmals gestattet, die Methode der Gamma-Tomographie zur Bestimmung der örtlichen Phasenverteilung innerhalb von rotierenden Pumpenläufern und ähnlichen Bauteilen anzuwenden. Dabei wird eine Zeitauflösung von ca. 100 µs erreicht, mit der die Gasverteilung wesentlich genauer als bisher erfaßt werden kann. Mit dem Tomographen wurden die Vorgänge innerhalb des Läufers einer Axialpumpe bei Förderung eines Luft-Wasser-Gemischs visualisiert. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich die Änderung äußerer Strömungsparameter und die Variation des Arbeitspunktes auf die räumliche Phasenverteilung innerhalb des Läufers auswirkt.
Keywords: Tomographie; Gamma-Tomographie; Kreiselpumpe; Axialpumpe; Phasenverteilung; Gasverteilung; Mehrphasenströmung; Zweiphasenströmung
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-336 November 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4184
Structure of high-spin states in 91Sr and 92Sr
Stefanova, E.; Danchev, M.; Schwengner, R.; Balabanski, D.; Carpenter, M.; Djongolov, M.; Fischer, S.; Hartley, D.; Janssens, R.; Mueller, W.; Nisius, D.; Reviol, W.; Riedinger, L.; Zeidan, O.
Abstract
The nuclei $^{91}$Sr and $^{92}$Sr were produced at high spin as fission fragments following the fusion reaction $^{36}$S + $^{159}$Tb at 165 MeV. Gamma rays were detected with the Gammasphere array. The level schemes of
$^{91}$Sr and $^{92}$Sr were extended up to $E \approx$ 6 MeV and $E \approx$ 8 MeV, respectively. Level structures in $^{91}$Sr and $^{92}$Sr were interpreted in terms of the shell model. The calculations were performed in the configuration space $(0f_{5/2}, 1p_{3/2}, 1p_{1/2}, 0g_{9/2})$ for the
protons and $(1p_{1/2}, 0g_{9/2}, 1d_{5/2})$ for the neutrons. Negative-parity states in the yrast sequences are described in these calculations by coupling $3^-$ proton excitations to the unpaired $1d_{5/2}$ neutrons. A possible reduction of the gap between the proton $1p_{3/2}$ and $1p_{1/2}$ orbitals in
$^{92}$Sr is discussed.
Keywords: Nuclear structure; In-beam spectroscopy; Gammasphere detector array; Shell-model calculations
- Physical Review C, Vol. 65, 034323
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4182
TOPFLOW - a new multipurpose thermalhydraulic test facility for the investigation of steady state and transient two phase flow phenomena
Schaffrath, A.; Krüssenberg, A.-K.; Weiß, F.-P.; Hicken, E.-F.; Beyer, M.; Carl, H.; Prasser, H.-M.; Schuster, J.; Schütz, P.; Tamme, M.
Abstract
The Forschunszentrum Rossendorf (FZR) e.V. is constructing a new large-scale test facility, TOPFLOW, for thermalhydraulic single effect tests. The acronym stands for Transient Two Phase Flow Test Facility. It will mainly be used for the investigation of generic and applied steady state and transient two phase flow phenomena and the development and validation of models of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Codes.
Keywords: TOPFLOW; thermalhydraulic test facility
- Kerntechnik 66 (2001) 4 209-212
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4181
Simulation of subcooled flow instability for high flux research reactors with ATHLET
Hainoun, A.; Schaffrath, A.
Abstract
The ATHLET code has been improved and validated for the safety analysis of high flux research reactors against experimental data of the Thermalhydraulic Test Loop of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Therefore, an extensive series of "stiff mode" experiments were recalculated. The comparison between experiments and ATHLET posttest calculations shows that the extended code simulates accurately the thermalhydraulic conditions and the flow instabilities in a wide range of inlet velocity, head and mass flux.
Keywords: research reactor; ATHLET; flow instability
- Kerntechnik 66 (2001) 4,214-216
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4180
Solution of the 6. Dynamic AER Benchmark Using the Coupled Code DYN3D/ATHLET
Seidel, A.; Kliem, S.
Abstract
The 6th dynamic benchmark is a logical continuation of the work to validate systematically coupled neutron kinetics / thermohydraulics code systems for the estimation of the transient behaviour of VVER type nuclear power plant which was started in the 5th dynamic benchmark. This benchmark concerns a double ended break of one main steam line (asymmetrical MSLB) in a VVER-440 plant. The core is at the end of first cycle in full power conditions. The asymmetric leak causes a different depressurization of all steam generators. New features in comparison to the 5th dynamic benchmark were included: asymmetric operation of the feed water system, consideration of incomplete coolant mixing in the reactor vessel, and the definition of a fixed isothermal recriticality temperature for normalising the nuclear data.
The solution of this benchmark was obtained by means of coupled code system DYN3D/ATHLET. There, the whole core including neutron kinetics and thermohydraulics processes was calculated by three dimensional neutron kinetics core model DYN3D. The thermal hydraulics behaviour of primary and secondary circuit was modelled by the system code ATHLET.
For the purpose of realisation of the fixed isothermal recriticality temperature Trecrit = 210°C the cross section data of absorber were adapted.
During the transient calculation of MSLB scenario, the reactor scram was initiated with the assumption that two of the most reactive control rods in the sector of highest overcooling are stuck at their fully withdrawn position. Accordingly, the power is decreased due to reactor scram. Thereafter, the reactivity feedback caused by the decrease of coolant temperature entailed the increase of the reactor power. Based on an assumed delayed start of the high pressure safety injection, the recriticality of the shut-off reactor is achieved. The value of total power in the second maximum is about 80 MW.
In this paper the behaviour of the main thermohydraulic and neutron kinetic parameters is presented.
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Lecture (Conference)
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 251-267 -
Contribution to proceedings
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 251-267
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4179
Complex formation between uranium(VI) and calix[6]arenes studied by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy
Schmeide, K.; Geipel, G.; Keil, D.; Heise, K. H.; Bernhard, G.; Gloe, K.
Abstract
Seepage and mine waters of the abandoned uranium mining and milling sites in Saxony and Thuringia are contaminated by uranium and its decay products. Therefore, efficient water purification technologies are necessary.
The separation of uranium(VI) from aqueous solution by calixarenes by means of solvent extraction is described in the literature. Calixarenes are macrocyclic molecules formed by 4, 6 or 8 para-substituted phenolic units linked by methylene bridges ortho to the OH functions. Thus, molecules of different ring sizes are formed. Especially calix[6]arenes functionalized with carboxylic or hydroxamic groups on the lower rim are suitable to separate uranium from aqueous solution.
In the present work, the extraction efficiency of various carboxylate derivatives of calix[6]arene, e.g., carboxymethoxy-p-tert-octyl-calix[6]arene, including their selectivity towards uranium(VI) is studied in a two phases solvent extraction system in dependence on pH value and the amount of competing ions in aqueous solution as well as in dependence on ligand concentration and solvent. The complex formation between uranium(VI) and calix[6]arenes is further studied by means of time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). Uranium species are identified, complex formation constants are determined, and reaction mechanisms are discussed. The suitability of the calix[6]arenes as efficient reagents for selective separation of uranium from aqueous solution, even in the acidic pH region, is shown.
Keywords: Uranium; calixarene; complexation; solvent extraction; TRLFS; laser spectroscopy
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
14th Radiochemical Conference, 14.-19.04.2002, Mariánské Lázné, Czech Republic
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4178
Schwingungsmodellierung von WWER-Reaktoren zur Untersuchung von Störfallszenarien
Werner, M.; Altstadt, E.; Perov, S.
Abstract
In einem gemeinsamen Vorhaben mit dem Diagnosezentrum für russische Kernkraftwerke (DIAPROM Moskau) wurde ein Beitrag zur verbesserten Beurteilung der mechanischen Integrität von Reaktoren der russischen WWER-Baureihen, insbesondere zur empfindlichen Früherkennung und Lokalisation mechanischer Schädigungen an Reaktorkomponenten mit Hilfe schwingungsdiagnostischer Methoden geleistet. Zu diesem Zweck wurde für den WWER-440 und WWER-1000 das mechanische Schwingungsverhalten aller Primärkreiskomponenten mit finiten Elementen (FE) modelliert. Dafür wurde das Programmpaket ANSYS® genutzt.
Der Einfluss des strömenden Kühlmittels auf die schwingenden mechanischen Strukturen ist im Rahmen der Fluid-Struktur-Interaktion (FSI) berücksichtigt worden. Die Berechnungsmodelle wurden mit Ergebnissen experimenteller Schwingungsuntersuchungen justiert. Zum Teil konnte auf aktuelle Messungen zurückgegriffen werden. Die Modelle können als weitgehend verifiziert gelten. Diese wurden in der Hauptsache genutzt, um zu klären, wie sich unterstellte mechanische Defekte von Reaktoreinbauten auf die Schwingungen der Gesamtanlage auswirken. Diese Schadenssimulation ist besonders geeignet, empfindliche Messpositionen für die on-line Überwachung zu finden und physikalisch fundierte Grenzwerte zu definieren.
Die entwickelten Modelle sind grundsätzlich auch geeignet, um Lastabschätzung für die Reaktorkomponenten bei Einwirkung von außen (Explosion, Erdbeben) vorzunehmen.
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Lecture (Conference)
27. MPA-Seminar, Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit in der Energietechnik, Band 1 und 2, Stuttgart, 4 .- 5. 10. 2001, Artikel 9 -
Contribution to proceedings
27. MPA-Seminar, Sicherheit und Verfügbarkeit in der Energietechnik, Band 1 und 2, Stuttgart, 4 .- 5. 10. 2001, Artikel 9
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4176
Memory properties of Si+ implanted gate oxides: From MOS capacitors to nvSRAM
von Borany, J.; Gebel, T.; Stegemann, K.-H.; Thees, H.-J.; Wittmaack, M.
Abstract
Charge storage properties of 20-30 nm gate oxides implanted with Si+ ions are investigated using MOS capacitors, single transistor structures and a non-volatile memory. The observed programming window can reach several volts for programming with electric fields of about 4-7 MV/cm. The structures exhibit good retention (250°C, 280h) and the endurance (>106 w/e-cycles) considerably exceeds the typical values of present EEPROM technologies. The capability of Si implanted SiO2 films as gate dielectrics for a real non-volatile memory is demonstrated for the first time by a 256k - nvSRAM showing a programming window of larger than 1 volt.
Keywords: ion implantation; nanoclusters; non-volatile memory
- Solid State Electronics 46 (2002) 1729-1737
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4175
Radiobiological hypoxia, oxygen tension, interstitial fluid pressure and relative viable tumour area in two human squamous cell carcinomas in nude mice during fractionated radiotherapy.
Baumann, M.; Appold, S.; Zimmer, J.; Scharf, M.; Beuthien-Baumann, B.; Dubben, H. H.; Enghardt, W.; Schreiber, A.; Eicheler, W.; Petersen, C.
Keywords: Radiobiological Hypoxia; Oxygen Tension; Human Squamous Cell Carcinomas
- Acta Oncologica, Vol. 40, No. 4 (2001) 519-528
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4174
Fast wire-mesh sensors for gas-liquid flows and decomposition of gas fraction profiles according to bubble size classes
Prasser, H.-M.; Krepper, E.; Lucas, D.
Abstract
The wire-mesh sensor developed by the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf produces measuring sequences of instantaneous gas fraction distributions in a cross section at a rate of up to 10 000 frames per second and a spatial resolution of about 2-3 mm. This sensor was applied to an upwards air-liquid flow in a vertical channel. After a brief introduction of the functioning of the sensor, the paper presents results obtained at a rate of 1200 frames per second, which were used to study the evolution of bubble size distributions and radial gas fraction profiles along the pipe, starting at a relative distance of L/D=0.6 above the gas injection and ending at L/D=60. The developed bubble identification algorithm allows to select bubbles of a given range of the effective diameter and to calculate partial gas fraction profiles for this diameter range. In this way, the different behaviour of small and large bubbles in respect to the action of the lift force was observed in a mixture of small and large bubbles. Furthermore, the paper presents results of a flow visualisation at the rate of 10 000 frames per second, showing details of the flow structure in the region of transition to annular flow.
Keywords: two-phase flow; gas-liquid flow; bubble size; bubbly flow; wire-mesh sensor; void fraction measurement
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Lecture (Conference)
5th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Thessalonoki, Greece, 24-28 September 2001, Vol. 2, pp. 1135 - 1140. -
Contribution to proceedings
5th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Thessalonoki, Greece, 24-28 September 2001, Vol. 2, pp. 1135 - 1140.
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4173
Methods for studies on bubbly flow characteristics applying an electrode-mesh tomograph
Richter, S.; Aritomi, M.; Prasser, H.-M.; Hampel, R.
Abstract
For studies on the characteristics of bubble flow in a rectangular channel (20x100mm) an electrode-mesh tomograph has been applied. The measuring principle is based on local conductivity measurement. The applied sensor scans the local void fraction distribution in 2 parallel planes, separated 1.5mm in flow direction, with a resolution of 6.1x2.2mm and an overall sampling rate of 1200Hz (all 256 points). Algorithms for the calculation of the local instantaneous void fraction distribution and the true gas velocity are presented. Based on these values the approximate shape of bubbles has been reconstructed and the gas volume flow through the sensor evaluated. The superficial gas velocity as well as the local distribution of the gas volume flux was
calculated. Finally, bubble diameter spectra have been obtained and the statistical behavior of the bubble rising velocity in its dependency from bubble diameter in a turbulent flow of high void fraction has been investigated. An extensive sensitivity study illustrating the applicability and accuracy is presented, based on experimental observations as well as theoretical considerations. The evaluated results are compared with high-speed video observations of the flow field as well as data comparing the reconstructed volume flow with measurements by a laminar flow meter. Good agreement can be stated.
Keywords: two-phase flow; void fraction measurement; wire-mesh sensor; bubbly flow
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Lecture (Conference)
Vortrag und Beitrag zu Sammelwerken (Proc., etc.): 4th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, New Orleans, Lousiana, USA - May 27 to June 1, 2001. Proc. CD-ROM, paper 848. -
Contribution to proceedings
Vortrag und Beitrag zu Sammelwerken (Proc., etc.): 4th International Conference on Multiphase Flow, New Orleans, Lousiana, USA - May 27 to June 1, 2001. Proc. CD-ROM, paper 848.
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4171
Dynamo experiments at the Riga sodium facility
Gailitis, A.; Lielausis, O.; Platacis, E.; Dement'Ev, S.; Cifersons, A.; Gerbeth, G.; Gundrum, T.; Stefani, F.; Christen, M.; Will, G.
Abstract
We summarize the history and the results of the first successful hydromagnetic dynamo experiment which was prepared and run at the Institute of Physics in Riga, Latvia.
- Magnetohydrodynamics, Vol. 38, No. 1/2 (2002), pp. 5-14
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4170
Subband physics in semiconductor quantum structures and the Rossendorf FEL programme
Helm, M.
Abstract
The electronic confinement in semiconductor quantum wells gives rise to the formation of electronic subbands within the conduction or valence band. Due to the same curvature of initial and final subband, intersubband optical transitions (within one band) exhibit a quasi-zero-dimensional joint density of states and therefore resemble atomic transitions in some way. The typical energy spacing from 10 to a few 100 meV corresponds to the far- and mid infrared spectral range. Thus, for the study of nonlinear or time resolved phenomena in these structures, IR free-electron lasers are among the most – or the only – suitable light sources.
As an example, I will review some experiments on the energy relaxation of electrons in wide GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells, performed with FELIX.
Transitions between minibands in strongly coupled superlattices exhibit a one-dimensional joint density of states, and I will show how the dispersion along the growth axis can be employed to study the electron distribution function.
Finally I will present the status of the ELBE project at the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf near Dresden. This project comprises a superconducting electron accelerator, providing the electron beam for two undulators. The latter form the heart of the FELs, which are planned to operate from 5 to 25 microns and 20 to 100 (or 150) microns, respectively. First lasing is expected for early 2002.
Keywords: semiconductor
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Lecture (Conference)
Mini-symposium on "Applications of Free Electron Lasers" (17.-20.9.2001), Grasmere, UK
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4169
Infrared spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum structures and the ion-beam and free-electron-laser facilities at Rossendorf
Helm, M.
Abstract
First I will give a brief overview of my institution, the Research Center Rossendorf near Dresden. Though much smaller than LBNL, its activities also cover a wide range from Nuclear Physics over Materials Science to Radiochemistry and Biomedical Research. The Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research accommodates a large ion beam center (with ions from eV to MeV available), other local groups have been involved in the construction of the superconducting electron accelerator ELBE, which will, apart from other applications, be the basis of an infrared free-electron laser (FEL). This FEL, whose first lasing is expected in early 2002, will be used for semiconductor spectroscopy as well as for studies on biological samples.
In the second part of my talk I will stroll around two of the main playgrounds for infrared spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum structures: the physics of intersubband transitions in quantum wells, which have brought us novel infrared lasers and detectors, and the physics of Bloch oscillations in superlattices, which are supposed to bring us a tunable THz source at some point. Finally I will present some infrared experiments concerning the electron distribution function in superlattices, performed with a step-scan FTIR with sub-microsecond time resolution, and will be touching on the issue of appropriate narrow- and broad-band infrared and THz sources.
Keywords: semiconductor; infrared
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Lecture (others)
Vortrag am Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (6.9.2001)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4168
Structural and micromechanical properties of ion-beam mixed tungsten-on-steel system
Jagielski, J.; Piatkowska, A.; Matz, W.; Richter, E.; Gawlik, G.; Turos, A.
Abstract
Structural and micromechanical properties of ion-beam mixed tungsten layers were studied. 45 nm thick W layers deposited on HSS substrates were Kr-ion-beam mixed at temperatures ranging from RT up to 450°C. The samples mixed at RT are amorphous. Increase of the process temperature results in the formation of crystalline layers. Amorphous layer are characterized by low friction coefficient and relatively low hardness. Crystallization of layers results in the increase of their hardness and friction coefficient. Wear rates of ion-beam mixed layers are always lower when compared with untreated steel substrates. The results are discussed in the frames of the model assuming the presence of thin, soft layer on hard substrate.
Keywords: ion-beam mixing; amorphous metals; friction; hardness; wear; x-ray diffraction
- Vacuum 63 (2001) 671-677
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4167
Hardness in Ag/Ni, Au/Ni and Cu/Ni multilayers
Schweitz, K. O.; Chevallier, J.; Bottiger, J.; Matz, W.; Schell, N.
Abstract
By use of nanoidentation, the hardness was measured in dc-magnetron sputterd Ag/Ni, Au/Ni and Cu/Ni multilayers as a function of the modulation period. In a limited modulation period range, the expression k*lambda**(-n) where k and n are fitting parameters and lambda is the modulation period, was fitted to the curves of hardness versus modulation period for the three types of multilayer. The exponent n of Ag/Ni was found to deviate by a factor of three from the n value of Au/Ni, which is surprising since no significant difference exists between the lattice parameters, shear moduli, morphologies and microstructures of the two systems. The results are discussed considering theoretical models and published experimental data.
Keywords: multilayers; hardness; X-ray diffraction; synchrotron radiation; ROBL
- Philosophical Magazine A, 81 (2001) No. 8, 2021-2032
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4166
Comparison of the Results of the 6. Dynamic AER Benchmark - Main Steam Line Break in a NPP with VVER-440
Kliem, S.; Seidel, A.
Abstract
The sixth dynamic AER benchmark is used for the continuation of a systematic validation of coupled 3D neutron kinetic/thermohydraulic system codes. In this benchmark, a hypothetical double ended break of one main steam line (asymmetric MSLB) at full power in a VVER-440 plant is investigated. The main thermohydraulic features are the consideration of incomplete coolant mixing inside the reactor pressure vessel and an asymmetric operation of the feed water system. For the tuning of the different nuclear cross section data used by the participants, an isothermal recriticality temperature was defined.
Solutions were received from VTT Energy Espoo (HEXTRAN/SMABRE), Kurchatov Institute Moscow (BIPR8/ATHLET), KFKI AEKI Budapest (KIKO3D/ATHLET), NRI Rez (RELAP-3D) and Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (DYN3D/ATHLET). This paper gives an overview on the behaviour of the main thermohydraulic and neutron kinetic parameters in the provided solutions. In all calculations, the overcooling after leak opening leads to a power rise and the activation of the reactor scram. The continuing overcooling after reactor scram results in a second power rise in all calculations. This power rise is eventually stopped by the injected highly-borated water from the high pressure injection system. Differences in the gradient of overcooling and different moderator temperature coefficients (MTC) in the used nuclear data are responsible for a spreading of the time of scram activation over several seconds in the various calculations. Differences in the thermohydraulic behaviour of the secondary side (modeling of the steamgenerator and the critical flow) together with the mentioned different MTC cause significant differences in the value of the second power peak.
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Lecture (Conference)
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September, 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 295-329 -
Contribution to proceedings
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September, 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 295-329
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4165
The Saturation Regime of the Riga Dynamo Experiment: Observational Facts and their Interpretation
Gailitis, A.; Lielausis, O.; Platacis, E.; Gerbeth, G.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
In the Riga dynamo experiment, a helical flow with a velocity up to 15 m/s is produced by a motor driven propeller. This flow is free enough to be modified by the Lorentz forces in a non-trivial manner.
In addition to the increase of the necessary motor power due to the axial components of the Lorentz force, we observed a significant deformation of the magnetic field structure and a shift of the eigenvalue. Both observations can be explained by the downward accumulating brake effect of the azimuthal Lorentz force component.
The occurence of a triple frequency in the magnetic field spectrum gives indications for the action of the non-axisymmetric parts of the Lorentz forces on the flow.
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Lecture (Conference)
4. MHD-Tage, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 01-02 Oktober 2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4162
Development and Application of a Fast Running Model for the Description of Coolant Mixing Inside the Pressure Vessel of Pressurized Water Reactors
Kliem, S.; Prasser, H.-M.; Höhne, T.; Rohde, U.
Abstract
An efficient semi-analytical model for the description of the coolant mixing during stationary and transient processes inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) of pressurised water reactors (PWR) has been developed. Both boron concentration and coolant temperature mixing are described by a dimensionless mixing scalar which is transported with the fluid and is subject of turbulent dispersion, but does not affect the flow field. This model is based on the technique of linear superposition of response functions on Dirac impulse shaped perturbations of the mixing scalar. In the model, the RPV is represented formally by a group of transfer systems (for each combination of inlet nozzle position and fuel element position one) with one input and one output each. These systems have different transfer properties which are determined by the flow field and turbulent mixing being strongly dependent on geometrical details of the flow domain. In this work, one way of obtaining the transfer properties is shown on the example of the German PWR KONVOI. The validation of the model against experimental data from the 1:5 scaled coolant mixing test facility ROCOM is presented.
The semi-analytical model for the description of coolant mixing has been used in combination with the 3D reactor dynamics code DYN3D for the analysis of a hypothetical boron dilution event after start-up of the first main coolant pump (MCP) in a generic four-loop PWR. The model provides realistic time-dependent boron concentration fields at the core inlet. By varying the initial plug volume it was found, that for the given core configuration plugs of less than 20 m3 did not lead to a re-criticality of the shut-off reactor.
Besides the modelling of the coolant mixing inside the RPV, a proper description of the boron transport in the reactor core in the considered case was absolutely necessary to calculate the neutron kinetic behaviour of the core correctly. Otherwise the numerical diffusion distorts the boron front and the reactivity insertion is smoothed artificially. In DYN3D, a particle-in-cell method is used to describe the boron transport without numerical diffusion.
The semi-analytical model is not restricted to one reactor type. The transfer properties used in the model can be explored also by means of computational fluid dynamics codes (CFD). The use of calculated response functions allows to apply the model for the description of coolant mixing in different geometry (i.e. RPV of VVER) and under various conditions without performing additional experiments.
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Lecture (Conference)
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 449-463 -
Contribution to proceedings
11. AER Symposium on VVER Reactor Physics and Reactor Safety, Csopak, Hungary, September 24-28, 2001, Proceedings pp. 449-463
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4161
Information About a New Neutron-Gamma Reactor Experiment
Böhmer, B.; Hansen, W.; Konheiser, J.; Mehner, H.-C.; Noack, K.; Unholzer, S.
Abstract
Presently, no experimental benchmark data are available allowing to test calculations of gamma spectra in neutron-gamma reactor environments. As newer findings indicate a possible influence of gamma radiation on reactor pressure vessel embrittlement, a neutron-gamma experiment using NE213 scintillation spectrometry to measure gamma and neutron spectra in iron-water slabs has been started at the training reactors of the Technical University Dresden and the University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Goerlitz. The measured data will be used to test the accuracy of Monte Carlo Calculations of gamma and neutron spectra in environments typical for pressure vessel dosimetry applications. Particularly, the code Monte Carlo code TRAMO will be validated in connection with the nuclear data library ENDF/B-VI. After a description of the experimental facilities, the schedule of measurements and the applied measurement and calculation methods are described.
Keywords: Gamma fluence spectrum; neutron fluence spectrum; benchmark experiment; NE-213 scintillation spectrometer; nuclear data
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Lecture (Conference)
WGRD VVER Meeting, April 23 -25, 2001, Rez, Czech Republic
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4160
Dort-MCNP Discrepancies for a Simple Testing Model - Proposal of a Calculational Neutron-Gamma Benchmark.
Böhmer, B.; Borodkin, G.; Kumpf, H.
Abstract
Discrepancies found between DORT and MCNP calculation results for neutron and gamma fluxes in the surveillance and PV regions of a PWR gave the impulse for this work. As nuclear data were suspected to be the reason for these discrepancies a simple 2-zone one-dimensional cylindrical model was defined, allowing to exclude modeling uncertainties and to calculate fluxes in outer zones made of pure materials, as H2O, Fe, Cr, Ni. Compared were the neutron flux integrals over energy regions E<0.414 eV, E >0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 MeV and the gamma flux integrals over energy regions E>0.0, 1.0, 3.0 MeV calculated with DORT-3D-synthesis/BUGLE-96 and MCNP-4B/ENDF/-B-VI at 12-15 radial points in core and outer zones. The reasons of the found discrepancies are not simply to understand. One important difference is the group approximation in DORT/BUGLE and the different treatment of resonance effects. Another is the different treatment of cross sections in the thermal region.
As the used model is supposed to be of general interest for testing codes and data , a detailed specification of the model is given as appendix. It is proposed to be used as benchmark model for coupled neutron-gamma flux calculations, including comparisons with the presented calculation results.
Keywords: Neutron and gamma spectra; coupled neutron-gamma flux calculations; benchmark model; nuclear data
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Lecture (Conference)
WGRD VVER Meeting, April 23 -25, 2001, Rez, Czech Republic
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4158
Fehlerermittlung mit neuronalen Netzen
Schmitt, W.
Abstract
Es werden die Grundlagen der Fehlerermittlung an technischen Anlagen und Prozessen mit Hilfe von neuronalen Netzen vorgestellt. Vor ihrer Anwendung als Fehlerklassifikator müssen neuronale Netze zunächst mit den Messdaten der normalen und gestörten Betriebszustände unter Zuhilfenahme von Expertenwissen trainiert werden, um das Anlagen- und Prozessverhalten bis hin zum Entscheidungsresultat zu implementieren. Nach diesem überwachten Lernprozess kann das trainierte Netz zur Fehlerermittlung genutzt werden.
Da diese Methode ohne die zeit- und kostenintensive analytische Modellierung des Anlagen- und Prozessverhaltens auskommt, können neuronale Netze vor allem bei komplexen, nichtlinearen Prozessen vorteilhaft zur Fehlerermittlung eingesetzt werden. Die Methodik und die Probleme bei der Anwendung in der industriellen Praxis werden am Beispiel dreischichtiger Perceptron-Netze ausführlich beschrieben.
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Lecture (Conference)
DECHEMA-Kursus "Sicherheitstechnik in der chemischen Industrie", 17.09. - 21.09.2001, Universität Dortmund, in Modul II: Methoden der Schwachstellen- und Risikoanalyse, S. 1-20
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4156
Innovationskolleg "Magnetofluiddynamik elektrisch leitfähiger Flüssigkeiten"
Gerbeth, G.; Eckert, S.; Stefani, F.; Cramer, A.; Weier, T.
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Other report
Abschlußbericht, Juli 2001 zu den FRZ-Teilprojekten A3,A4,B1,B3,C4,D3
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4155
Einfluß von Huminstoffen auf das Wechselwirkungsverhalten von Uran(VI) unter naturnahen Bedingungen
Sachs, S.; Schmeide, K.; Artinger, R.; Heise, K.-H.; Bernhard, G.
Abstract
Die zuverlässige Prognose der Langzeitsicherheit von ober- und untertägigen Einrichtungen des ehemaligen Uranerzbergbaus sowie von Endlagern für radioaktiven Abfall erfordert die detaillierte Untersuchung der Ausbreitung von radioaktiven und toxischen Metallionen in der Umwelt. Die Ausbreitung dieser Schadstoffe über den Wasserpfad wird durch eine Vielzahl von Prozessen beeinflußt, wobei die Wechselwirkung mit Huminstoffen dabei eine wesentliche Rolle spielt.
Huminstoffe sind ubiquitär in der Natur vorkommende organische, polyelektrolytische Makromoleküle, die beim Abbau von Biomasse gebildet werden. Aufgrund der Vielzahl an Ausgangsstoffen kann der natürliche Huminstoffbildungsprozess nicht durch einfache chemische und biochemische Reaktionen beschrieben werden. In Abhängigkeit von ihrer Herkunft zeigen Huminstoffe unterschiedliche strukturelle und funktionelle Eigenschaften. Huminstoffe können aufgrund ihrer Löslichkeit bei verschiedenen pH-Werten operationell in drei Fraktionen eingeteilt werden [1]. Humin repräsentiert die Fraktion, die bei allen pH-Werten unlöslich ist, wohingegen Huminsäuren bei pH-Werten > 3.5 und Fulvinsäuren bei allen pH-Werten löslich sind.
Innerhalb natürlicher Wechselwirkungsprozesse können Huminsäuren aufgrund ihrer guten Löslichkeit bei pH-Werten natürlicher Wässer eine entscheidende Rolle spielen. Huminsäuren sind in der Lage Metallionen, z. B. Actinidionen, zu komplexieren. Sie beeinflussen somit deren Speziation und auch deren Mobilisierung bzw. Immobilisierung in der Umwelt. Aufgrund der großen strukturellen und funktionellen Heterogenität von Huminsäuren ergeben sich zahlreiche Probleme bei der thermodynamischen Beschreibung ihres Wechselwirkungsverhaltens in natürlichen Systemen.
Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Überblick zu Untersuchungen, die zur Erlangung detaillierter Kenntnisse zum Wechselwirkungsverhalten von Huminsäuren mit Uran(VI) unter natürlichen Bedingungen durchgeführt wurden [2]. Es werden Ergebnisse zum Komplexbildungsverhalten von Huminsäuren mit Uran(VI) sowie zum Einfluß von Huminstoffen auf das Migrationsverhalten von Uran vorgestellt.
[1] Choppin, G.R.: The Role of Natural Organics in Radionuclide Migration in Natural Aquifer Systems. Radiochim. Acta 58/59, 113 (1992).
[2] Pompe, S., Bubner, M., Schmeide, K., Heise, K.H., Bernhard, G., Nitsche, H.: Influence of Humic Acids on the Migration Behavior of Radioactive and Non-Radioactive Substances under Conditions Close to Nature. Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte, FZR-290, Rossendorf 2000.
Keywords: Huminstoffe; Huminsäuren; Uran; Migration; Sorption
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Lecture (others)
1. GK-Kolloquium für Geoumweltforschung, Kontamination aus der Nutzung von Ressourcen: Probleme und Lösungen, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 07.12.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4154
Synthese und Charakterisierung Tetradentater Tc-99m Liganden mit hoher Affinität zum 5-HT1A Rezeptor
Heimbold, I.; Drews, A.; Syhre, R.; Kretzschmar, M.; Pietzsch, H.-J.; Johannsen, B.
Abstract
In diesem Beitrag werden Tetradentate Tc-99m Liganden mit hoher Affinität zum 5-HT1A Rezeptor vorgestellt. Die Verbindungen weisen sowohl eine moderate Selektivität gegenüber dem alpha1-adrenergen Rezeptor als auch eine verbesserte Hirnaufnahme auf. Sie leiten sich strukturell von den PET-Liganden WAY 100635 und DWAY ab. Als Chelatorensystem für Oxotechnetium(V) wird Bis(aminoethanthiol) (BAT) genutzt welches über Spacer unterschiedlicher Länge mit der Phenylpiperazineinheit verknüpft ist.
Der Beitrag behandelt die Ligandsynthese, die Markierung mit Technetium sowie die biologische Evaluierung der Komplexe (in vitro Rezeptorbindungsstudien, Bioverteilungen und Autoradiographische Untersuchungen).
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Poster
Jahrestagung Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, Würzburg, 23.-29.9.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4153
Improvement of Ta-based thin film barriers on copper by ion implantation of nitrogen and oxygen
Wieser, E.; Peikert, M.; Wenzel, C.; Schreiber, J.; Bartha, J. W.; Bendjus, B.; Melov, V. V.; Reuther, H.; Mücklich, A.; Adolphi, B.; Fischer, D.
Abstract
Magnetron sputtered polycrystalline Ta and Ta(Si) barriers for copper metallization schemes were modified by nitrogen or oxygen high dose ion implantation to improve their thermo-mechanical stability. The ion bombardment changes the initially polycrystalline microstructure to amorphous-like. In contrast to pure Ta, Ta(Si) layers are already X-ray amorphous after deposition. Here the implantation enhances the recrystallization temperature by about 100 K. In order to demonstrate the improvement in the barrier properties of the implanted Ta films the intermixing of Ta and Cu at the interface of corresponding layer structures was measured by AES depth profiling as a function of the annealing temperature. The thermal stability of Ta and Ta(Si) barriers increases from 6000C/ 1h for the non-implanted layers up to 750° C/1h after implantation of nitrogen or oxygen.
Keywords: Ion implantation; diffusion barrier; tantalum
- Thin Solid Films 410 (2002) 121-128
- Thin Solid Films 410 (2002) 121-128
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4152
Promoted calcium-phosphate precipitation from solution on titanium for improved biocompatibility by ion implantation
Maitz, M. F.; Pham, M.-T.; Matz, W.; Reuther, H.; Steiner, G.
Abstract
Calciumphosphates are the main component of bone and as a coating they promise optimal bone integration of an implant. Titanium as a leading implant material does not support calciumphosphate precipitation on its surface. The aim is to modify the titanium surface for spontaneous deposition of calciumphosphate out of a solution and to demonstrate its biocompatibility. Non treated, Na implanted (3.2 x 1017 Na cm-2), or NaOH (10 mol/L) etched Ti samples were used. Bone forming SAOS-2 cells were seeded out on the surface. After 3, 14, and 28 days samples were investigated for cell count and morphology, biochemical markers and ratio of Ca and P as a hint for the type of calciumphosphate. For a second series calciumphosphate was precipitated by incubation in a simulated body fluid prior to cell culture. On Na implanted Ti without treatments in simulated body fluid, cells grow more oriented in comparison to pure or etched Ti and the cell count was higher, but the cells did not cover the whole surface. Characteristic markers for bone cell metabolism did not differ significantly between the samples. Apatite formation was low but increased in experiments after calciumphosphate precipitation out of solution. The cell morphology improved when the cells were grown on samples after treatment with simulated body fluid. Na implantation can enhance calciumphosphate precipitation on Ti and this way promote the growth of bone forming cells.
Keywords: Biomaterials; Titanium; Hydroxyapatite; cell culture; Simulated Body Fluid
- Surface and Coatings Technology 158-159C (2002) 151-156
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Lecture (Conference)
12th International Conference on Surface Modification by Ion Beams, Marburg., September 9-14 2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4151
Kolloidchemische Untersuchungen an Umweltwässern unter anoxischen Bedingungen
Richter, W.; Zänker, H.; Hüttig, G.
Abstract
Poster
Kolloidchemische Untersuchungen an Umweltwässern unter anoxischen Bedingungen
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Poster
DFG Tagung Berlin 13.-14.9.2001
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4150
Magnetic Characterization of the Hybrid Undulator U27 for the ELBE-Project
Gippner, P.; Grosse, E.; Pflüger, J.; Schamlott, A.; Seidel, W.; Wolf, U.; Wünsch, R.
Abstract
At the Dresden Radiation Source ELBE an intense IR beam in 3 - 30 µm range will be produced in the undulator U27. It consists of two 34-pole sections, allowing to insert a magnetic chicane in between. The undulator structure has a period of 27.3 mm and consists of NdFeB permanent magnets and poles of decarborized iron, mounted on two carriages such that the distance between the two sections is adjustable for phase-matching. The gaps of both sections can be varied independently to eventually produce two IR-colours at the same electron energy. For high-gain lasing one can introduce a tapering of the field.
Keywords: Hybrid undulator; hall probe measurement; pulsed wire method; field tapering; phase matching
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Poster
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. on Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 pp II-55 -
Contribution to external collection
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. on Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 pp II-55
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4149
Ion Acoustic Microscope based on IMSA-100 Focused Ion Beam system
Akhmadaliev, C.; Bischoff, L.; Teichert, J.; Kazbekov, K.
Abstract
An intensity modulated focused ion beam (FIB) which is hitting the surface of a solid, leads to a small temperature variation in the near subsurface region which is sufficient for thermal elastic wave generation. The measurement of these waves can be used for analysis and imaging of surface as well as near subsurface structures in the material. The modified FIB equipment IMSA-100 working with 35 keV Ga+ and Au+ ions and a current of about 3 nA was employed to obtain acoustic images from structures on silicon, aluminum and glass targets. The acoustic signals were detected using a PZT transducer delivering an output voltage of 50 - 100 nV at modulation frequency of 100kHz. The frequency was varied in the range of 60kHz - 2MHz. The obtained lateral resolution of the ion acoustic images at 80 kHz was about 16 µm on silicon and about 7µm on glass and at 2 MHz it decreases to 5 µm and 3 µm, respectively.
Keywords: Focused Ion Beam; Ion Acoustic Microscopy; Piezoelectric Transducer
- 12th International School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies 17 21 September, 2001, Varna, Bulgaria / Vacuum 69 (2003) 431 - 435
- Vacuum 69 (2003) 431 - 435
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4148
Subthreshold phi meson production in heavy-ion collisions
Barz, H. W.; Zetenyi, M.; Wolf, G.; Kämpfer, B.
Abstract
Within a transport code of BUU type the production of phi mesons in the reactions Ni + Ni at 1.93 AGeV and Ru + Ru at 1.69 AGeV is studied. New elementary reaction channels rho N Delta to phi N and pi N(1520) to phi N are included. In spite of a substantial increase of the phi multiplicities by these channels the results stay below the tentative numbers extracted from experimental data.
Keywords: phi-meson; subthreshold production; heavy-ion collisions
- Nucl.Phys.A705:223-235,2002 nucl-th/0110013
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4145
Spectroellipsometric, AFM and XPS probing of stainless steel surfaces subjected to biological influences
Vinnichenko, M.; Chevolleau, T.; Pham, M.-T.; Poperenko, L.; Maitz, M. F.
Abstract
Surface modification of austenitic stainless steel 316L due to incubation in growing cell cultures and cell culture media as control has been studied. The following treatments were applied: mouse fibrosarcoma cells L929 during 3 and 7 days, polymorphonuclear neutrophils 3 and 7 days and human osteosarcoma cells SAOS-2 in during 7 and 14 days. Cells were enzymatically removed in all cases. The modified surfaces were probed in comparison with untreated ones by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XPS shows the appearance of the peak of bonded nitrogen at 400.5 eV characteristic for adsorbed proteins on the surface for each type of cells and for the cell-free medium. Migration of Ni in the adsorbed layer is observed in all cases for samples after the cell cultures. The protein layer thickness is ellipsometrically determined to be within 2.5-6.0 nm for all treated samples with parameterization of its optical constants in Cauchy approach. The study showed that for such biological treatments of the stainless steel the protein adsorption is the dominating process in the first two weeks, which could play a role in the process of corrosion by complex forming properties with metal ions.
Keywords: stainless steel; biocorrosion; optical constants; spectroscopic ellipsometry; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; atomic force microscopy
- Applied Surface Science 201 (2002)41-50
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4144
Application of Focused Ion Beams in Materials Research
Bischoff, L.; Teichert, J.
Abstract
With the invention of the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) in the sixties the focused ion beam (FIB) technique started an impressive development from the laboratory level to high performance industrial equipments. At present, the FIB is a very useful and versatile tool in microelectronics industry for mask and integrated circuit repair and modification, failure analysis or TEM specimen preparation, as well as in the material science for radiation damage and sputtering investigations, for grain size and distribution analysis in metals and alloys, for the formation of silicides or the fabrication of micro-tools. A modern FIB column which is operated with gallium liquid metal ion souces (LMIS) only reaches a spot size in the range of 10 nm and current densities of more than 10 A/cm2 .
For special purposes in the field of research and development, like writing ion implantation or ion mixing in the µm- or sub-µm range other ion species than Ga are needed. Therefore alloy LMIS are used. The energy distribution of the ions from an alloy LMIS is one of the determining factors for the performance of the source in the FIB equipment, in other words, the obtainable spot size. Different source materials like the alloys Au73Ge27 (Tm = 366°C), Au77Ge14Si9 (Tm = 365°C), Co36Nd64 (Tm = 566°C), Er69Ni31 (Tm = 765°C), and Er70Fe22Ni5Cr3 (Tm = 862°C) were investigated and compared with respect to the energy spread of the different ion species depending on the operation parameters emission current I, ion mass m and temperature T. For single charged ions the predicted dependence of the energy spread according to DE µ I2/3 m1/3 T1/2 found for Ga could be confirmed in reasonable agreement. Due to the ion mass, for doubly charged ions a weaker and for clusters a stronger slope was found. The temperature dependence of the source behaviour is strongly related to the surface tension coefficient of the used alloy.
The alloy LMIS`s discussed above have been used in the Rossendorf FIB system IMSA-100 especially for writing implantation to fabricate sub-µm pattern without any lithographic steps. So a Co-FIB was applied for the ion beam synthesis of CoSi2 micro-structures with a minimum feature size of 60 nm. Additionally, the possibility of varying the current density with the FIB by changing the pixel dwell-time was used for radiation damage investigations in Si and SiC at elevated implantation temperatures. Furthermore, a broad spectrum of ions was employed to study the sputtering process depending on temperature, angle of incidence and ion mass on a couple of target materials using the volume loss method. The effective erosion properties of the FIB were exploided in fabricating micro-tools with dimensions smaller than 40 µm from WC(Co) and HSS steel. The application of the FIB as a scanning ion microscope with high topographic resolution of the sample surface can be used to study the grain size and distribution of metals and alloys as well as micoelectronic structures on the surface and also, after sputtering, in deeper layers. The sputtered holes can also be imaged after polishing with the FIB and tilding as a cross section by SEM. All the examples underline the importance of a FIB in modern research.
Keywords: focused ion beam; alloy liquid metal ion source; materials research; ion milling; writing implantation
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Proceedings of the 12th International School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies, 17 - 21 September, 2001, Varna, Bulgaria (invited)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4143
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the OCTN2 transporter at the RBE4 cells, an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier
Friedrich, A.; Prasad, P. D.; Freyer, D.; Et, A.
Abstract
The transport of L-carnitine (4-N-trimethylamino-3-hydoxybutyric acid), a compound known to be transported by the organic cation transporter / carnitine transporter OCTN2, was studied in immortalized rat brain endothelial cells (RBE4). The cells were found to take up L-carnitine by a sodium-dependent process. This uptake process was saturable with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for L-carnitine of 53.8 ± 9.8 µM and a maximal velocity of 214.5 ± 34.7 pmol/mg protein/h. Besides L-carnitine, the cells also took up acetyl-L-carnitine and propionyl-L-carnitine in a sodium-dependent manner and TEA in a sodium-independent manner. RT-PCR with primers specific for the rat OCTN2 transporter revealed the existence of OCTN2 mRNA in RBE4 cells. Screening of a cDNA library from RBE4 cells with rat OCTN2 cDNA as a probe identified a positive clone which showed, when expressed in HeLa cells, the functional characteristics of OCTN2. The HeLa cells expressing the RBE4 OCTN2 cDNA showed a six-fold increase in L-carnitine uptake and a four-fold increase in TEA uptake in a sodium-containing buffer. Typical inhibitors for organic cation transporters (e.g., MPP+ or TEA) showed an inhibitory effect on the transport of L-carnitine and TEA into the transfected cells. Similarly, unlabeled L-carnitine inhibited the transport of [3H]-L-carnitine and [14C]TEA in transfected HeLa cells. It is concluded that RBE4 cells, a widely used in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), express the organic cation/carnitine transporter OCTN2.
- Brain Research 968: 69-79 2003
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4142
Ion beam synthesis of semiconductor nanoclusters in SiO2 films for opto- and microelectronic applications
von Borany, J.; Heinig, K.-H.; Klimenkov, M.; Rebohle, L.; Schmidt, B.; Skorupa, W.; Stegemann, K.-H.
Abstract
The contribution will review recent results to the fabrication and investigation of semiconductor nanoclusters (Si, Ge, Sn) embedded in SiO2 films. Due to quantum confinement effects or the large surface/volume ratio of such clusters typical dimensions of only few nanometers exhibit remarkable properties which differ to that of the bulk values. Among different fabrication techniques the ion beam synthesis offers specific advantages to realize a large density of tiny (2-4 nm) nanoclusters and to fulfil the requirements of CMOS technology. The results of presented experiments clearly indicate that the size, density and distribution of clusters are strongly influenced by the implantation and annealing conditions. Taking these influences into account it is possible to realize desired nanocluster distributions in the SiO2 layer, e.g. the fabrication of wide regions with homogeneously distributed clusters or d-like nanocluster bands in thin SiO2 films.
The specific features of semiconductor nanoparticles in SiO2 films comprise an enormous potential for future opto- and microelectronics.
Optoelectronics
In general, group IV nanocluster containing SiO2 films can emit light in a wide wavelength region. The topic of light emission from ion beam synthesized nanoclusters is focused on recent success in extracting intensive violet/blue photo- and electroluminescence (EL) from Si-, Ge- or Sn implanted SiO2 layers which can be attributed to a specific defect formed after the IBS process. A power efficiency up to 0,5 % for EL has been established using MOS structures. Among possible applications the properties of a monolithically integrated optocoupler with ultra low power consumption will be discussed.
Microelectronics
Based on a FET structure with semiconductor nanocluster containing gate oxide, a new non-volatile memory cell has been designed which makes use from the charge storage ability of small quantum dots. The advantages of this memory are attributed to the features, that (i) the nanoclusters act as an ensemble of single storage elements, and (ii) the charge transfer during programming occurs preferably by direct tunnelling. Therefore, lower programming voltages and considerably increased endurance (1010 w/e-cycles) in comparison to the present (Flash)- EEPROM technique is expected. Routes towards the fabrication of a shallow band of nanoclusters in the gate oxide of a FET very close, but well separated to the Si/SiO2-interface will be discussed in detail. CV or IV measurements reveal the charge storage effect of cluster containing thin SiO2 films by a remarkable shift of the flatband or threshold voltage of MOS or FET-structures, respectively. Recently, Zentrum Mikroelektronik Dresden has been successfully realized the first 256 nv-SRAM based on ion beam modified gate oxides.
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
12th International School on Vacuum, Electron and Ion Technologies, VEIT'01, September 17-21, 2001, Varna, Bulgaria (Invited Lecture)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4141
A study of liquid metal alloy ion sources for the production of ions of interest in the microelectronics industry
Ganetsos, T.; Mair, G. L. R.; Bischoff, L.; Teichert, J.; Kioussis, D.
Abstract
This is a comprehensive study of the characteristics of an AuGeSi and CoNd liquid metal alloy ion sources [Focused ion beams from liquid metal ion sources, 1991]. Such characteristics include current-voltage curves and ion beam mass-spectra. A careful investigation has been undertaken where the temperature is one of the main variable experimental parameters. Theoretical models support the experimental results.
Keywords: liquid metal alloy ion sources; mass spectra; temperature
- Solid State Electronics 45 (2001) 1049 - 1054
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4140
Investigating contaminants on thermochemically refined surfaces of CVD diamond films
Weima, J. A.; von Borany, J.; Grötzschel, R.; Fahrner, W. R.
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond films thermochemically polished on cylindrical steel plates are subjected to Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Diffractive X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDX). A diamond film polished for 25 hours at 950 °C is etched in chromic acid (K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 + H2O) prior to RBS measurement while two other films also polished at 950 °C for 8 and 25 hours, respectively are analyzed as polished. The RBS spectra of as-polished diamond films contain peaks of iron contaminant while the surface of the etched film is devoid of iron. Moreover, the concentration/magnitude of the contaminant on the film polished for 25 hours is about 2-fold that of the film polished for 8 hours. SEM-EDX spectra taken from dark and bright spots manifest the presence of iron contaminant in as-polished films but its absence in the etched film regardless of the surface topology. Thus, the depth measured by the RBS is assumed to represent the characteristic thickness of the non-diamond carbon layer in which the iron contaminant originating from the polishing plate are embedded. The presence of silicon and oxygen bands in the SEM-EDX spectra of both as-polished and etched diamond films is attributed to their inclusion during film deposition.
Keywords: Diamond; Diamond Polishing; Surface Diagnostics; Ion Beam Analysis
- Journal of the Electrochemical Society 149(5) (2002) G301-G304
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4139
Thermally activated deformation of irradiated reactor pressure vessel steel
Böhmert, J.; Müller, G.
Abstract
Temperature and strain rate change tensile tests were performed at two VVER 1000-type reactor pressure vessel welds with different content of nickel in unirradiated and irradiated conditions in order to determine the activation parameter of the contribution of the thermally activated deformation. There are no differences in the activation parameters in the unirradiated and the irradiated condition as well as for the two different materials. This shows irradiation hardening preferentially results from a friction hardening mechanism by long-range obstacles.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials 301 (2002) 227-232
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4138
Nitrogen transport during ion nitriding of austenitic stainless steel
Parascandola, S.
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-331 September 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
Downloads
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4137
A system for measuring the electron beam profile and position inside the undulator for the ELBE FEL
Evtushenko, P.; Michel, P.
Abstract
In the Forschungszentrum Rossendorf (FZR), an infrared FEL at the radiation source ELBE is under construction. For the measurements of the electron beam position in the undulator, two systems will be used. The first one consists of seven insertable beryllium OTR (Optical Transition Radiation) view screens, which will also be used for the alignment of the FEL optical resonator. The second one will use a single moveable YAG (Yttrium Aluminium Garnet activated by Cerium) screen, which can travel within the undulator vacuum chamber such that the electron beam position can be measured at any place in the undulator.
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Poster
23rd International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2001), 20.-24.08. 2001, Darmstadt, Deutschland -
Contribution to proceedings
23rd International Free Electron Laser Conference (FEL 2001), 20.-24.08.2001, Darmstadt, Deutschland
Proceedings of FEL 2001, CERN: JaCoW
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4134
Infrared Microspectroscopy of Environmental Samples
Seidel, W.; Schamlott, A.; Heise, K.-H.; Nicolai, R.; Ortega, J. M.; Glotin, F.; Prazeres, R.
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Poster
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. On Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 (North-Holland, Amsterdam 2002) pp. 11-87/88 -
Contribution to external collection
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. On Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 (North-Holland, Amsterdam 2002) pp. 11-87/88
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4133
Institute of Radiochemistry; Annual Report 2000
Fanghaenel, T.; Bernhard, G.; Engelmann, H. J.
Abstract
Annual Report 2000
Institute of Radiochemistry
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-318 Mai 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
Downloads
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4131
Numerical Study of an Optical Klystron FEL for ELBE
Wünsch, R.; Grosse, E.; Lehnert, U.; van der Geer, C. A. J.
Keywords: Freie-Elektronenlaser; Undulator; Klystron
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Poster
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. on Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 pp II-61 -
Contribution to external collection
Proc. 23th Int. Conf. on Free Electron Lasers, Darmstadt 2001 pp II-61
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4130
Unterstützung der ukrainischen Behörden beim Ausbau der verbesserten betrieblichen Überwachung für die KKW Rovno und Saporoshje
Beyer, M.; Carl, H.
Abstract
Für den 3. Block vom KKW Rovno - WWER-1000/W-320 - wurde in Analogie zu den 6 typengleichen Blöcken des KKW Saporoshje eine verbesserte betriebliche Überwachung eingerichtet. Dazu werden der Aufsichtsbehörde vor Ort und in Kiew einmal pro Minute 57 aktuelle sicherheitsrelevante Parameter zur Erfassung und Bewertung mittels moderner technischer Mittel on-line zur Verfügung gestellt. Die entwickelte Auswertesoftware gestattet die Darstellung der Bewertungsergebnisse in Form von Tabellen, Grafiken und Schemata, wobei durch einen Archivmodus auch Trendanalysen von allen Parametern möglich sind. Des Weiteren wurde die Leistungsfähigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit des gesamten Fernüberwachungssystem weiter erhöht, so dass derzeit mehr als 60 % der ukrainischen KKW-Kapazität unter einer deutlich verbesserten behördlichen Aufsicht stehen.
Keywords: Fernüberwachung; Ukraine; Kernkraftwerk; WWER-1000; WWER-440; Monitoringsystem
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-332 September 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4129
Die Zwei-Photonen-Selbstenergie und andere QED-Strahlungskorrekturen
Zschocke, S.
Abstract
Die genaue Messung der Lamb-Verschiebung stark gebundener Elektronen in Zusammenhang mit Tests der Quantenelektrodynamik (QED) in starken Feldern in hochgeladenen Ionen ist eines der Hauptthemen der heutigen Atomphysik. Die gegenwärtig durchgeführten Hochpräzisionsmessungen erfordern eine hohe Genauigkeit in den theoretischen Berechnungen der Lamb-Verschiebung. Diese Genauigkeit impliziert eine Berücksichtigung aller QED-Korrekturen der Ordnung α und α2, aber exakt in allen Ordnungen in Zα. In den zurückliegenden Jahren sind die meisten dieser QED-Korrekturen sowohl in 1. Ordnung als auch in 2. Ordnung Störungstheorie berechnet worden. Der Beitrag der Zwei-Photonen-Selbstenergie konnte jedoch bisher nicht ausgewertet werden und stellte somit die größte Ungenauigkeit in der Vorhersage der Lamb-Verschiebung für wasserstoffartige Systeme dar. In dieser Arbeit wird der Beitrag dieser Prozesse zur Lamb-Verschiebung untersucht. Darüber hinaus werden erstmals renormierte Ausdrücke der Zwei-Photonen-Vakuumpolarisation und der Selbstenergie-Vakuumpolarisation hergeleitet. Bisher konnten diese Beträge nur in Uehling-Näherung ausgewertet werden.
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf; FZR-326 Juli 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4128
New developments at the Rossendorf electrostatic accelerators
Friedrich, M.; Bürger, W.; Turuc, S.; Tyrroff, H.
Abstract
The Rossendorf electrostatic accelerator facility, consisting of three accelerators with rated voltages of 2 -5 MV, has been extended by a 100 kV tandem accelerator for tritium depth profiling by AMS and by concentration of two implanters at the same location. Two experimental chambers were installed, which give the possibility of dual beam experiments using the beams from the 3 MV tandetron and from the 500 kV implanter. At the 5 MV tandem the original inclined field acceleration tubes were exchanged by straight field tubes with spiraling magnetic field. First results of the accelerator modernisation and of the beam line extension are presented.
Keywords: Electrostatic accelerators
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Lecture (Conference)
Proceedings of the 35th Symposium for Northeastern Accelerator Personnel (SNEAP), Lund/Sweden, 22nd-25th November 2001 -
Lecture (Conference)
Proceedings of the 35th Symposium of the North Eastern Accelerator Personnel, Lund, Sweden, Oct. 22-26, 2001; Eds. R. Hellborg, M. Faarinen, C.E. Magnusson, P. Persson, G. Skog, K. Stenström, Lund University, Dept. of Physics, 2002, p. 257 -
Contribution to proceedings
Symposium of North Eastern Accelerator Personnel SNEAP 19, Lund University, Sweden, 22-25 October 2001, Editors: R. Hellborg, M. Faarinen, C.E. Magnusson, P. Persson, G. Skog, K. Stenström, ISBN 91-631-2676-1, Lund University 2002
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4127
Investigation of Gamma and Neutron Energy Fluences in Iron-Water Benchmark Configurations for the Verification of Monte Carlo Calculations and their Application in Reactor Material Dosimetry
Böhmer, B.; Grantz, M.; Hansen, W.; Hinke, D.; Konheiser, J.; Mehner, H.-C.; Noack, K.; Schneider, R.; Stephan, I.; Unholzer, S.
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that gamma radiation can contribute to the embrittlement of reactor materials. On this background an experimental benchmark programme at two low power reactors was started to measure both, neutron and gamma spectral fluences behind and inside of transmission modules consisting of variable iron and water slabs using a NE213 scintillation spectrometer and partly a HPGe detector. The experimental results are used to validate Monte Carlo calculation methods in reactor dosimetry for coupled neutron/gamma problems. The experiment and results of a first series of measurements and comparisons to MCNP calculations for neutron and gamma energy spectra are presented. The investigations will be continued with an extension and validation of the Monte Carlo transport code TRAMO.
Keywords: reactor dosimetry; neutron spectrometry; gamma spectrometry; reactor pressure vessel; steel embrittlement
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Poster
International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 7-12th Oct. 2001, Tsukuba, Japan, Proceedings in the Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Supplement 2, p. 947-950 (August 2002) -
Contribution to proceedings
International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 7-12th Oct. 2001, Tsukuba, Japan, Proceedings in the Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Supplement 2, p. 947-950 (August 2002)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4126
Subthreshold phi meson production in heavy ion collisions
Barz, H.-W.; Zetenyi, M.; Wolf, G.; Kämpfer, B.
Abstract
Within a transport code of BUU type the production of Φ mesons in the reactions Ni+Ni at 1.93 A GeV and Ru + Ru at 1.69 A GeV is studied.
New elementary reaction channels ρN(Δ) → ΦN and πN(1520)→ ρN are included.
In spite of a substantial increase of the Φ multiplicities by these channels the results stay below the tentative numbers extracted from experimental data.
Keywords: phi-meson production; heavy-ion collisions
- Nuclear Physics A705 (2002) 223 - 235
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4125
Plasma diagnostic of an RF magnetron Ar/N2 discharge
Fritsche, B.; Chevolleau, T.; Kourtev, J.; Kolitsch, A.; Möller, W.
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes are nowadays common in synthesis of hard coatings like cubic boron nitride (cBN). Precise knowledge of plasma characteristics (ion flux, ion energy distribution and plasma composition) is crucial for understanding and controlling cBN thin film growth. This work is devoted to the characterization of an unbalanced RF magnetron Ar/N2 discharge using a Langmuir probe and an energy selective mass spectrometer. RF power and total pressure were varied from 50 to 300 W and from 0.1 to 0.5 Pa respectively for different Ar/N2 mixtures. Main ionic species are found to be Ar+ and N2+ with a very low fraction of N+. The ion density increases with RF power, pressure and Ar content. The ion energy distribution consists of one single narrow peak with full width at half maximum of a few eV. The main neutral species are Ar and N2. Atomic nitrogen could not be detected by mass spectrometry, indicating a low fraction of this species in the discharge.
Keywords: unbalanced magnetron discharge; Langmuir probe; energy resolved mass spectrometry
- Vacuum 69/1-3 (2002) 139-145
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4124
Ultraschallverfahren zur Rissfortschrittsmessung für die Ermittlung von Risswiderstandskurven
Bergmann, U.
Abstract
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die methodische Entwicklung eines Ultraschall-Einprobenverfahrens zur Erfassung duktilen Rissfortschritts im quasistatischen Dreipunktbiegeversuch auf der Grundlage eines Ultraschallverfahrens vorgestellt. Das Verfahren wird an Werkstoffen unterschiedlichen Zähigkeits-Festigkeitsverhältnisses erprobt.
Das Messverfahren beruht auf der wiederholten Messung der Laufzeit des von einem Sendewandler auf die Rissspitze gerichteten und dort in Richtung Empfangswandler gebeugten Ultraschallimpulses. Als Voraussetzung für die In-situ-Rissfortschrittsmessung auf der Grundlage der Signallaufzeitmessung wurde die Schallwellenausbreitung und Signalbildung mittels Schallfeldsimulationen anhand der Elastodynamischen Finiten Integrationstechnik modelliert und zusätzlich durch stroboskopische Messungen der Schallfeldausbreitung experimentell bestätigt. Zur Kalibrierung des Messverfahrens wurde ein analytischer Zusammenhang entwickelt, der die eindeutige Zuordnung der Signallaufzeit zum gesuchten Rissfortschritt gestattet und den Einfluss der während des Dreipunktbiegeversuches stattfindenden plastischen Verformungen berücksichtigt. Das Ultraschall-Laufzeit-Beugungsverfahren wurde für den Einsatz an bruchmechanischen Kleinproben (ISO-V-Geometrie) spezifiziert. Die in den Prüfvorschriften formulierte Genauigkeitsanforderung an ein Einprobenverfahren kann mit dem ULB-Verfahren erfüllt werden. Die erreichbare Messpunktdichte des Rissfortschritts ermöglicht eine nahezu kontinuierliche Darstellung resultierender J-Risswiderstandskurven.
Keywords: Bruchmechanik; Einproben-Verfahren; Ultraschall; JR-Kurven
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Forschungszentrum Rossendorf, FZR-330 September 2001
ISSN: 1437-322X
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4122
Testing of Neutron Data Libraries in Application to Reactor Pressure Vessel Dosimetry
Böhmer, B.; Borodkin, G.; Konheiser, J.; Manturov, G.
Abstract
The fast neutron induced embrittlement of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) is the main cause limiting the lifetime of many types of nuclear reactors, especially of the VVER type, produc-ing most of the nuclear energy in Russia and seven other countries. Uncertainty estimations show that the largest contribution to the uncertainty of calculated fluences is the uncertainty of the neutron cross section data. In the present work, different aspects of uncertainties of neutron fluence determination connected with the neutron data for transport calculations, data preparation methods and activation dosimetry cross sections have been investigated by com-parison of calculations with data from different libraries and by comparison of calculated and measured activation rates. The main object of these investigations was the VVER-1000 type reactor Balakovo-3. The tested libraries were the ENDF/B-VI based 47n/20g-group library BUGLE-96, the Russian 299n/15g-group library ABBN-93 (v. 99.01) and two modifications of the ABBN library: ABBN/B-VI and ABBN/JEF-2.2. In these modifications the cross sec-tion data of Fe, Cr and Ni are replaced by data based on the evaluated nuclear data libraries ENDF/B-VI and JEF-2.2, respectively. This allows to investigate the influence of the data of the elements most critical for the RPV fluence. Although thermal neutrons contribute only negligible to the embrittlement they are a strong source of gamma irradiation, which is proba-bly contributing noticeable to RPV embrittlement, as newer results showed. Therefore, the influence of different treatment of neutron data in the thermal energy region was investigated by calculations with and without upscattering in the region below 5 eV, as well as with and without consideration of core heterogenity effects. The neutron transport calculations were performed by the discrete ordinate code DORT using a 3D synthesis of (r-*)-, (r-z)- and r-calculations. Results obtained with the Monte Carlo codes MCNP and TRAMO with ENDF/B-VI data, were used to validate the DORT-results. The results of calculations at ex-vessel positions were compared with reference data of the Interlaboratory Experiment at Balakovo-3. The best agreement between results of calculations (C) and experiments (E) was obtained for BUGLE-96 and ABBN/B-VI, and 3D TRAMO results for all used reactions: 237Np(n,f), 93Nb(n,n'), 238U(n,f), 58Ni(n,p), 54Fe(n,p), 46Ti(n,p) and 63Cu(n,a). Further, the in-fluence of using different dosimetry cross sections, from IRDF-90v2, JENDL/D-99, RRDF-98 and a new Russian evaluation for 237Np(n,f), was investigated. The systematic calcula-tional underestimation of 237Np(n,f) reaction rates in case of IRDF-90v2, observed also by other investigators, can be removed using JENDL/D-99 or the new Russian evaluation. A similar underestimation for 93Nb(n,n') is reduced largely if JENDL/D-99 data are used. To evaluate the influence of cross sections of individual elements and of water on neutron and gamma fluence calculations, a simple two-zone cylindrical model was defined. The inner zone simulates the reactor core, the outer consists of H2O or Fe or Cr or Ni. In addition to DORT calculations with different libraries MCNP calculations with ENDF/B-VI were per-formed, to test the influence of point-wise data representation. The found discrepancies should be investigated further.
Keywords: neutron data; group approximation; neutron fluence; gamma fluence; transport calculation; neutron dosimetry; activation measurements
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Poster
International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 7-12th Oct. 2001, Tsukuba, Japan, Proceedings in the Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Supplement 2, p. 1006-1009 (August 2002) -
Contribution to proceedings
International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology, 7-12th Oct. 2001, Tsukuba, Japan, Proceedings in the Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, Supplement 2, p. 1006-1009 (August 2002)
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4119
Control of flow separation using electromagnetic forces
Weier, T.; Gerbeth, G.; Mutschke, G.; Lielausis, O.; Lammers, G.
Abstract
Introduction
If a fluid is electrically conductive, its flow may be controlled using electromagnetic forces. Meanwhile, this technique is a recognized tool even on an industrial scale for handling highly conductive materials like liquid metals.
However, also fluids of low electrical conductivity as considered in the present study, like sea--water and other electrolytes, permit electromagnetic flow control. Experimental results on the prevention of flow separation by means of a streamwise, wall parallel Lorentz force acting on the suction side of inclined flat plates and hydrofoils will be presented.
Force Configuration
The stripwise arrangement of permanent magnets and electrodes of alternating magnetization direction and polarity shown in Fig. 1 was proposed by Gailitis and Lielausis (1961). It generates a wall parallel force with a maximum value directly at the wall, decaying exponentially with the wall distance. Due to the low electrical conductivity, both electric and magnetic fields have to be applied to generate a Lorentz force of adequate strength. The width of the electrodes is equal to that of the magnets and
determines the penetration of the force into the flow. The ratio of electromagnetic to inertial force can be characterized by the interaction parameter. In analogy to the terminology used in separation control by blowing, one may also define an electrohydrodynamic momentum coefficient.
Results and Discussion
A downstream directed force adds momentum to the flow and accelerates the fluid in the vicinity of the wall. This flow acceleration may be used to counteract the energy loss due to friction and adverse pressure gradients. Actually, a streamwise Lorentz force has already been successfully applied to control the flow around a circular cylinder in Weier et al. (1998). The two inserts in Fig. 2 show the flow around an inclined flat plate. In the lower left photograph, the unforced separated flow is visible, whereas the upper subfigure depicts the fully attached flow under the action of a suction side Lorentz force. The graph indicates that the interaction
parameter, necessary to completely suppress separation, decreases with increasing chord length Reynolds number. The effect of a suction side Lorentz force on lift and drag of NACA--0017--like hydrofoils has been quantified by means of force balance measurements. Depending on the inclination angle, two different effects are observed. At small angles of incidence, a moderate lift increase due to additional circulation is observed. Simultaneously, caused by the added momentum, the drag is decreased. At higher angles of attack, where the unforced hydrofoil would normally stall, a more pronounced lift increase occurs.
Fig. 3 shows the lift gained by the suction side Lorentz force at a fixed inclination angle of 17. Here delta CL is the difference of the lift coefficients of the forced and the unforced hydrofoil at the specified chord length Reynolds number. The shape of the curve as well as the total values of the lift gain and the momentum coefficient resemble the behavior found in separation control experiments with steady blowing. In the presentation, a complementary discussion on scaling issues based on experiments with a NACA 0015 hydrofoil will be given.
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Lecture (Conference)
IUTAM Symposium on Unsteady Separated Flows, April 8-12, 2002, Toulouse, France
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4117
Optimization of a partially non magnetic primary radiation shielding for the triple axis spectrometer PANDA at the Munich high flux reactor FRM-II
Pyka, N. M.; Noack, K.; Rogov, A.
Abstract
Monte Carlo simulations have been used to optimize the monochromator shielding of the polarized cold neutron triple axis spectrometer PANDA at the Munich high flux reactor FRM-II. By using the Monte Carlo program MCNP-4B the destiny of the total spectrum of incoming neutron and gamma radiation from the beam tube SR-2 have been determined during the 3-dimensional diffusion process in different types of heavy concrete and other absorbing material. Special attention has been paid to build a compact and highly efficient shielding, partially non-magnetic, with a total biological radiation dose of less than 10 µSv/h at its outsides. Specially considered was the construction of an albedo reducer, which serves to reduce the background in the experiment outside the shielding.
Keywords: FRM-II; high flux reactor; PANDA; neutron spectrometer; neutron-gamma shielding; Monte Carlo method; transport calculation; MCNP
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Poster
International Conference on Neutron Scattering, München, 9.-13. September 2001; Applied Physics A 74 (Suppl.), S277-S279, 2002 -
Contribution to proceedings
International Conference on Neutron Scattering, München, 9.-13. September 2001; Applied Physics A 74 (Suppl.), S277-S279, 2002
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4112
Sideward flow in Au+au collisions at 400 AMeV
Ramillien, V. E. A.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
We present new experimental data obtained with the FOPI detector at SIS, for the Au+Au heavy-ion collisions at 400 AMeV incident energy. The sideward flow, determined from a method without reaction-plane reconstruction, and the nuclear stopping are studied as a function of the centrality of the collisions. In order to study the nuclear in-medium effects, which act on the NN cross sections and potential and hence on experimental observables like the nuclear-matter flow and stopping, these results are compared with the predictions of two different QMD versions. The first one offers a fully microscopic calculation of the cross sections and potential in the G-matrix formalism and naturally includes the in-medium effects (this version is for the first time confronted with experiment). The second one uses a standard Skyrme potential plus a momentum-dependent term in order to mimic the in-medium effects.
Keywords: nuclear reactions
- Nucl. Phys. A 587 (1995) 802
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4111
Entropy in central Au+Au reactions between 100 and 400 AMeV
Dzelalija, M. E. A.; Bieganski, J.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
The ratio of the total charge bound in fragments with Z between 2 and 15 to the hydrogen yield has been measured, and the neutron-to-proton ratio n/p has been estimated from the data of central Au+Au reactions between 100 and 400 AMeV, measured with the phase I setup of the detector system FOPI at the GSI, Darmstadt, in the polar angle range between 7o and 30o. These two quantities were used to determine the entropy per nucleon S/A by comparing them with the predictions of the FREESCO code. The analysis allows the simultaneous extraction of the values of the baryonic entropy, temperature, and collective flow. The extracted values are in good agreement with the values obtained in earlier FOPI studies and, for the baryonic entropy, with recent hydrodynamic caculations.
Keywords: PACs numbers: 25.75.+r; 25.70.Pq
- Phys. Rev. C 52 (1995) 346
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4110
Evidence for collective expansion in light-particle emission following Au+Au collisions at 100, 150 and 250 AMeV
Poggi, G. E. A.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
Light-particle emission from Au+Au collisions has been studied in the bombarding-energy range 100-250 AMeV, using Delta-E-ER telescopes in coincidence with the FOPI detector in its phase I configuration. Center-of-mass energy spectra have been measured for Z=1, 2 isotopes emitted in central colisions at CM polar angles between 60o and 90o. Evidence for a collective expansion is reported, on the basis of the mean kinetic energies of hydrogen isotopes. Comparison is presented with statistical calculations (WIX code). For CM kinetic energy spectra, fair agreement is found between data and a recently developed transport model.
Keywords: nuclear reactions
- Nucl. Phys. A 586 (1995) 755
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4109
The Sorption of Toxic and Radiotoxic Heavy Metals by Inorganic Colloids in Mine Waters
Zänker, H.; Richter, W.; Brendler, V.; Moll, H.; Hüttig, G.
Abstract
Inorganic colloids are ubiquitous in mine waters. They are primarily produced by the formation of oxyhydroxides and oxyhydroxy sulfates of iron(III) and aluminum due to the oxidation of Fe2+ and the hydrolysis of Fe3+ and Al3+. Colloidal particles are able to adsorb heavy metals and to influence trace heavy metal transport as for instance the transport of uranium. However, colloid formation and heavy metal adsorption are strongly dependent on pH. From a colloid-chemical point of view it can be differentiated between two principal types of mine waters:
(i) Type "acidic pore water" [1]
These waters can be separated from the rock by centrifugation or can be collected in the mines as acid rock drainage (ARD) samples. The waters possess high salt concentrations and are very acidic (pH 3 to 1). Ultrafine particles of <5 nm in size are the main colloidal component (based on photon correlation spectroscopy and ultrafiltration). The colloid concentration reaches the g/L range. The particles consist mainly of hydronium jarosite and schwertmannite (based on EXAFS). As and Pb show a high tendency to adsorb onto these particles.
(ii) Type "bulk water" [2]
This type of waters mainly refers to the flowing mine waters like adit waters which possess a near-neutral pH. Typical colloid contents of such waters are about 1 mg/L, typical particle sizes are 100 to 300 nm (based on photon correlation spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy). The particles consist of Fe(III) and Al oxyhydroxides (ferrihydrite, alumogel). Their electrostatic stabilization is weak (zeta potential only about -10 mV), i. e. they show a larger tendency to coagulate and aggregate than the colloids found in the type (i) waters. Contaminants such as As, Pb, Cu, Th, U(IV), Po, and in the absence of carbonate complexation also U(VI), are strongly bound onto these particles. Uranium(VI) adsorption is often suppressed due to the formation of dissolved uranyl carbonato complexes in mine waters [2].
Important colloid-chemical processes are observed during the transition of type (i) waters to type (ii) waters which occurs in the course of the flooding of abandoned ore mines (dilution of the type (i) waters). Huge amounts of iron(III) particles with a size of 100 to 300 nm are formed under such conditions due to O2 ingress and pH increase. The adsorption rises drastically when the pH reaches the near-neutral region (cf. [3]). The sorption behavior of U(VI) in flooding waters differs significantly from that of U(VI) in both typical "acidic pore waters" and typical steady-state "bulk waters". Typical pH values of the flooding waters are in the range between 4 and 6 after some flooding time. Uranyl adsorption to the iron(III) particles is neither suppressed by high acidity nor by uranyl carbonate complexation in this pH region and the assumption of an unretarded migration of uranyl is "over-conservative". Scavenging by Fe(III) particles and colloid coagulation plus sedimentation can significantly immobilize the U(VI) in waters of the transition type. This scavenging mechanism refers also to trace elements such as Cu, As, Mo, Sb, Y, and Ce. Also the radiotoxic heavy metals Po, Pb, Th and Ac are colloid-borne above pH 4. Ra is usually truly dissolved.
[1] Zänker, H.; Moll, H.; Richter, W.; Brendler, V.; Hennig, C.; Reich, T.; Kluge, A.; Hüttig, G. (2001)
The colloid chemistry of acid rock drainage solution from an abandoned Zn-Pb-Ag mine. Appl. Geochem. (accepted).
[2] Zänker, H.; Richter, W.; Brendler, V.; Nitsche, H. (2000)
Colloid-borne uranium and other heavy metals in the water of a mine drainage gallery. Radiochim. Acta 88, 619-624.
[3] Hsi, C.-K. D.; Langmuir, D. (1985)
Adsorption of uranyl onto ferric oxyhydroxides: Application of the surface complexation site-binding model. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 1931-1941.
Keywords: colloids; mine waters; flooding; iron(III); uranium
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Lecture (Conference)
GeoProc2002. Geochemische Prozesse. March 4-7, 2002. Bremen, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4108
Entropy production in the Au+Au reaction between 150 A and 800 A MeV
Kuhn, C. E. A.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
The entropy per nucleon (S/A) has been extracted for the Au (150-800 AMeV)+Au reaction by using the phase I setup of the 4pi facility at GSI, Darmstadt. The entropy has been obtained from the comparison of various observables characterizing the dM/dZ fragment multiplicity distribution, extending up to Z=15, with those calculated with the quantum statistical model. It is the first time that S/A values are determined by considering the full ensemble of charged products detected in the reaction. Consistent values of S/A are found from different methods. These entropy values are shown to be fairly independent of the volume of the "participant" region considered. They are somewhat lower than those extracted in earlier works but are in good agreement with hydrodynamic calculations and suggest a low viscosity for the hot and dense nuclear matter.
Keywords: PACs numbers: 25.75.+r; 25.70.Pq
- Phys. Rev. C 48 (1993) 1232
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4107
Midrapidity Source of Intermediate-Mass Fragments in Highly Central Collisions of Au+Au at 150 AMeV
Alard, C. P. E. A.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
Charged particles have been observed in collisions of Au+Au at an incident energy of 150 AMeV using a high-granularity detector system covering approximately the forward hemisphere in the center-of-mass system. Highly central collisions have been studied using a double selection criterion which combines large charged-particle multiplicities with small transverse-momentum directivities. In this class of events about one-quarter of the total nuclear charge emerges as intermediate-mass fragments with nuclear chages Z>2. These fragments are centered at midrapidity and are produced with large transverse velocities.
Keywords: PACS numbers: 25.70.Pq
- Physical Review Letters 69 (1992) 889
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4106
A highly-segmented Delta-E-time-of-flight wall as forward detector of the 4pi-system for charged particles at the SIS/ESR accelerator
Gobbi, A. E. A.; Kotte, R.; Mösner, J.; Neubert, W.; Wohlfarth, D.
Abstract
At the SIS/ESR accelerator facility at GSI in Darmstadt the 4pi-detector system FOPI is under construction at present. It is designed for the investigation of central collisions of heavy ions in the energy range up to 2 AGeV. As phase I of this detector a forward wall has been built and used in various experiments. It comprizes a total number of 764 scintillators with an additional shell of 188 thin Delta-E-detectors in front of it and covers the full azimuth of the polar angles from 1 to 30 degrees. the velocity and the nuclear charge of the fragments are determined by a combined time-of-flight and Delta-E measurement.
- Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 324 (1993) 156
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-4105
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