Publications Repository - Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
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41875 Publications
System noise of a digital pulse processing module for nuclear instrumentation
Ma, Y.; Fischer, W.; Henniger, J.; Weinberger, D.; Kormoll, T.
Abstract
Suppressing noise is important for the digital pulse processing (DPP) in the nuclear radiation detection, which requires precise knowledge of system noise. This work presents a DPP electrical module based on an FPGA of Lattice and derives a simple system noise distribution by experiment and analysis of acquired digital data using this system. The measured noise distribution of this system shows a multivariate Gaussian mixture model with different means and variances as a simple predict.
Keywords: digital signal processing; FPGA; noise; Gaussian; nuclear
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Contribution to proceedings
ANIMMA 2019 - International conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications, 17.-21.06.2019, Portorož, Slowenien
Proceedings of ANIMMA 2019
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28857
Multivariate Data Assimilation for Resource Model Updating
Prior, A.; Benndorf, J.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; van den Boogaart, K. G.
Abstract
This is just a presentation in the COSMO Day. I did not submit an abstract since I was invited speaker
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
COSMO Day 2018, 05.07.2018, Montreal, Canada
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28856
Multivariate Ensemble Based Sequential Update Of The Resource Model For Real Time Mine Settings
Prior, A.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Prior-Arce, A.
Abstract
Mining industry is continuously monitoring key performance indicators (KPI), and geo-metallurgical properties such as grade, fragmentation or tonnage and reconciling estimates to online capture production performance parameters. New technology is looking for monitoring also other properties as grain size.
Relevant information is obtained from sensors installed at different mining production process stages, as in a Block Evaluation or Schedule and Blending.
This study aims to develop an efficient updating framework based on Sequential Ensemble Filtering by using compositional data statistics that will be able to cope with the non-linearities of the system.
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Poster
POF Evaluation, 28.02.-02.03.2018, Dresden, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28855
Resource model updating for underground mining production settings
Prior, A.; Benndorf, J.; Mariz, C.
Abstract
This research is part of the European Union funded 'Real Time Mining' project, which aims to develop a new framework to reduce uncertainties during the extraction process in highly selective underground mining settings. A continuously self-updating resource/grade control model concept is presented and aims to improve the raw material quality control and process efficiency of any type of mining operation. Applications in underground mines include the improved control of different components of the mineralogy and geochemistry of the extracted ore utilizing available “big data” collected during production. The development of the methodology is based on two full scale case study, the copper-zinc mine Neves-Corvo in Portugal and Reiche-Zeche mine in Germany. These serve for both, for the definition of method requirements and also as a basis for defining a Virtual Asset Model (VAM), which serves for artificial sampling as benchmark for performance analysis. This contribution introduces to the updating concept, provides a brief description of the method, explains details of the test cases and demonstrates the value added by an illustrative case study.
Keywords: Underground Mining; Data Assimilation; Geostatistitcs
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Contribution to proceedings
REAL TIME MINING - Conference on Innovation on Raw Material Extraction Amsterdam 2017, 10.-11.10.2017, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28854
Resource and Grade Control Model Updating for Underground Mining Production Settings
Prior-Arce, A.; Benndorf, J.; Mueller, U.
Abstract
A key requirement for the mining industry is to characterize the spatial distribution of geometallurgical properties of the ore and waste in a mineral deposit. Due to geological uncertainty, resource models are crude representations of reality and of limited value in forecasting. Information collected during the production process is therefore highly valued in the mining production chain. Models for mine planning are usually based on exploration information from an initial phase of the mineral extraction process. The integration of sensor data measured at different support along the production line into the resource or grade control model allows for continuous updating and has the ability to provide estimates that are locally more accurate.
In this paper an updating algorithm is presented that integrates two types of sensor information: sensors characterizing the exposed mine-face and sensors installed in the conveyor belt. The impact of the updating algorithm is analysed for a case study based on information collected from Reiche-Zeche a silver-lead-zinc underground mine in Freiberg, Germany.
The algorithm has been implemented for several scenarios of a grade control models. Each scenario represents a different level of conditioning information prior extraction: no conditioning information, conditioning information at the periphery of the mining panel, and lastly at the periphery and from bore-holes intersecting the mining panel. An analysis compares the improvement obtained by updating for the different scenarios. It become obvious that the level of conditioning information before mining does not influence the updating performance after two or three updating steps. The learning effect of the updating algorithm kicks in very fast and overwrites the conditioning information.
Keywords: Data Assimilation; Geostatistics; Geometallurgy
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Mathematical Geosciences 53(2021), 757-779
Online First (2020) DOI: 10.1007/s11004-020-09881-2
Cited 7 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28853
Particle Filtering as a way to incorporate nonlinear observations into geostatistical simulation
Prior-Arce, A.; van den Boogaart, K. G.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Bendorf, J.
Abstract
Particle Filtering has been proposed as an alternative as a possible way to reconsiliate observations with nonstandard likelihood profiles. For that a population of simulations - called particles - is updated according to the random dynamic of the system increasing the population and then weighted and resampled according to their likelihood given the observation, resulting in a new population representing the conditional distribution given the observation.
Our idea is to use this for spatial random fields, where we have a spatial rather than a temporal randomness. The particles are conditional geostatististical simulations of a Gaussian Random Field given standard geostatistical data. Instead of a time update we use a random innovation updating each simulation to another simulation of the same random field by updating in directions driven by the current residual variability of the field as represented by the ”particle population”. By reweighting according to the likelihoods of the observations reconsilidated until now and resampling we get a new particle population now honoring the additional observations along with the original data.
We will demonstrate and check the performance and applicability of the method in simulated test cases, for relevant standard problems like interval observations and block observations of fields modeled as compositional, plurigaussian, or with a Gaussian anamorphosis.
Keywords: Data Assimilation; MCMC; Geostatistics; Non-linear
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Contribution to proceedings
20th Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences, 10.-16.08.2019, Pennsilvania, EEUU
Particle Filtering as a way to incorporate nonlinear observations into geostatistical simulation
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28852
Recoverable resource estimation mixing different quality of data
Mariz, C.; Prior-Arce, A.; Benndorf, J.
Abstract
Working with different databases in the process of mineral resource estimation is a common challenge to be addressed by the industry. These are produced from different sampling methods, having therefore different quality, being obtained in different times of the run of the mine and even measuring different key variables.
Comparative exploratory data analysis, in a global and local scale, are used to verify if different databases are sampling the same distribution. Frequently, the results show differences in the statistics, for instance: in the distribution and in the experimental variography. This demonstrates that different databases cannot be just merged and used in estimation and simulation processes if these are not previously treated.
One way of integrating the different databases with different qualities into the in-situ resource estimation process is to attribute a variance of measurement error to the inexact dataset (low quality samples) However, the estimation of recoverable resources and risk analyzes remains to be verified. The methodology proposed, enables an estimation and risk analysis of the resources of interest by considering the variance of measurement error calculated in-situ of the estimation process:
1. Transforming raw variables od different databases into their Gaussian equivalent through Gaussian Anamorphosis and the calculation of experimental covariances and cross-covariances on Gaussian transforms;
2. Point-wise co-Kriging from Gaussian exact assay (high quality samples) and inexact assays;
3. Block-wise kriging from the Gaussian exact assay and the Gaussian pseudo exact values at inexact location of the main variables with a variance of the measurement error; and
4. Turning-bands conditional simulations with variance of the measurement error from Gaussian variables kriged (1) and with a local mean (2) are applied.
5. Back transformation of the Gaussian variables into raw variables and re-blocking of these to calculate the grade tonnage variables.
This paper illustrates an innovative methodology with two applications in a polymetallic massive suphide deposit and bauxite deposit.
Keywords: Geostatistics; Mineral Resource Estimation
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Contribution to proceedings
APCOM 2019: The 39'th International Symposium in Wroclaw., 04.-06.06.2018, Wroclaw, Poland
Recoverable resource estimation mixing different quality of data
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28851
Distributional Kalman Filter for Reseource Model Updating
Prior-Arce, A.; Menafoglio, A.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Bendorf, J.; van den Boogaart, K. G.
Abstract
Working with geometallurgical variables presents different challenges in mathematical geosciences, particularly, scale problems (van den Boogaart and Tolosana-Delgado, 2018). Geometallurgical data with distributional scale requires theoretical and practical developments. Methods for statistical interpolation and simulation of distributional data in space have been recently proposed by (Menafoglio et al., 2014, 2016). However, no method is available to sequentially incorporate new information into spatial models. One of the most promising implementations of such sequential information update in resource modelling estimation industry are data assimilation techniques (Wambeke and Benndorf, 2017; Benndorf, 2015).
These techniques are becoming popular due to the ability of dealing with large amount of data that new sensor-based technologies nowadays provide. Among the measurement modes that these sensors can obtain, there are also distributional scale data such as, grain size or particle size distributions. This information is of crucial importance in order to relate upstream deposit information with downstream processing processes. Data assimilation of distributional variables still presents several challenges. For instance, an adaptation of the classical formulation of Kalman filtering needs to be extended to the general Bayes Hilbert Space.
In this work, we apply the general theory of Bayes Hilbert spaces to develop a Kalman Filter method allowing for sequential data assimilation of distributional variables with infinite support.
Two different sets of information with different variability are tested. These are particle size and grain size distribution. After validation, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the effects of different parameters. Practical implementation aspects are also discussed to allow for an effective application within an operating mine.
Keywords: Geometallurgy; Data Assimilation; Functional Analysis; Geostatistics
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Contribution to proceedings
CoDaWork 2019, The 8th International Workshop on Compositional Data Analysis, 03.-08.06.2019, Terrasa, Barcelona, España
Distributional Kalman Filter for Reseource Model Updating
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28850
Application of Grade Control Model updating by Compositional Sequential Ensemble Filtering
Prior-Arce, A.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Bendorf, J.; van den Boogaart, K. G.
Abstract
A key requirement for a streamlined mine-to-mill process is the characterization of the spatial distribution of geometallurgical properties within the mineral deposit, such as ore grade or proportions of deleterious components or the gangue mineralogy.
Due to the limited amount of information available during exploration and grade-control, underlying spatial models, such as the resource or grade-control model, are associated with uncertainty and do not represent reality and production forecast of ROM ore.
One opportunity to decrease these errors is to assimilate grade-control monitoring data, which are obtained by online sensor technology in many operations, into resource or grade-control models. This concept leads to a closed-loop reconciliation system, that generates updated models on real-time, providing up to date information for decision makers in mine planning and operations control. Recently, univariated approaches of data assimilation have been documented and successfully operationally implemented.
The extension to the multivariate case comes with additional challenges. Certain geometallurgical properties, like chemical or mineral compositions, are measured online based on the ratio between percentages and do not represent absolute values. Classical data assimilation outcomes need to be corrected to account for mass conservation of each component, while keeping their physical relations, such as the stability of mineral assemblages, the total sum constraint or positivity. Therefore, new methods for geostatistical modeling and information reconciliation are needed that can account for such issues in a natural way.
This contribution presents a new compositional based data assimilation approach. This supersedes the problems of positivity preservation and mass conservation by working with log-ratios of components. For optimal performance, a flow anamorphosis transformation is used to introduce normality to observations and model variables. This step is necessary in most data assimilation methods.
The contribution presents the methodology and demonstrates it applied in a 3D case study from a Bauxite deposit.
Keywords: Data Assimilation; Bauxite Deposit; Geostatistics
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Contribution to proceedings
Resources for Future Generations, 16.-21.06.2018, Vancouver, Canada
Proceedings of Resources for Future Generations
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28849
Application of Resource and Grade Control Model updating by Univariate and Compositional Sequential Ensemble Filtering
Prior-Arce, A.; Bendorf, J.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Verlaan, M.
Abstract
A key requirement for mining operations is the need to be planned according to the existence knowledge about the geometallurgical features of the mineral resource. Geostatistical models are created out of exploration data to describe such geological features as a resource and grade control model. To collect information during the mining production process about these features is becoming more popular due to sensor technology advances. In order to incorporate this new information during the mining production process to the geostatistical models, new approaches based on data assimilation theory are being developed. These are Ensemble Sequential Updating techniques. They provide a comprehensive solution for these challenges since, that allow to relate the potentially non-linear relation that exists between the resource and grade control model state variables and the observations.
However, there are different challenges to face in order to understand how the information that proceed from sensors informs about the geostatistical models and how to feed updated information back to the resource model. On one hand, the state variables of such models are actually compositions, mineral and/or chemical. Classical data assimilation solutions need thus to be modified to account for mass conservation of each component, while keeping their physical relations, univariate or multi-variable (e.g., stability of mineral assemblages, total sum constraint, positivity). On the other hand, some sensors might deliver information restricted to a subcomposition. A compositional data assimilation approach supersede some of these problems by dealing with the positivity condition and the mass preservation implicitly through assimilating log-ratios instead of the original components, which naturally allow a subcompositionally coherent modification if the sensors used require it.
The univariate and the compositional data assimilation approaches are tested in two different virtual assets models created as a fully controllable environment with different geometallurgical features. After validation, a sensitivity analysis investigates the effects of different parameters and derived practical implementation aspects for an effective application of compositional data assimilation within an operating mine.
Keywords: Geostatistics; Data Assimilation
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Contribution to proceedings
IAMG 2017 18th Annual Conference, 02.-09.09.2017, Perth, Australia
Proceedings of IAMG 2017
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28848
Distributional Data Assimilation for Reseource Model Updating
Prior-Arce, A.; Menafoglio, A.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Benndorf, J.; van den Boogaart, K. G.
Abstract
Some geometallurgical properties are expressed as distributional variables that are characterized by probability density functions. In order to describe these geometallurgical properties in space considering the whole distribution and not only the a few moments. There are methods for statistical interpolation and simulation of distributional data in space. However, not methods are available to sequential incorporation of information back into the spatial model.
The advantages of data assimilation algorithms for resource model updating in mining industry has been shown before for univariate and multivariate models. Based in the information collected during mining production about different features is becoming more popular due to sensor technology advances. The Ensemble Sequential Updating techniques provide a comprehensive solution for these challenges since, that allows to relate the potentially non-linear relation that exists between the resource and grade control model state variables and the observations. However, sensors might provide information about these observations in a distributional support.
This study aims to develop and implement a data assimilation algorithm for distributional variables in mining settings. There are different challenges to face in order to understand how the information that proceed from sensors informs about the geostatistical models and how to feed updated information back to the resource model. The state variables of such models are actually distributions which are infinite dimensional supported. We use the Bayes spaces framework that allows the characterization of distributional data. Within this framework we develop a new mathematical tool for data assimilation process reproducing the complete information content embedded in distributional data like particle size distribution.
The distributional data assimilation approach is tested in a virtual assets models created as a fully controllable environment with particle size distribution properties. After validation, a sensitivity analysis investigates the effects of different parameters and derived practical implementation aspects for an effective application within an operating mine.
Keywords: Geostatistics; Data Assimilation; Distributional Data; Bayes Spaces
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Contribution to proceedings
19th Annual Conference IAMG2018, 02.-08.09.2018, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28847
Tissue-type mapping of gliomas.
Raschke, F.; Barrick, T. R.; Jones, T.; Yang, G.; Ye, X.; Howe, F. A.
Abstract
PURPOSE:
To develop a statistical method of combining multimodal MRI (mMRI) of adult glial brain tumours to generate tissue heterogeneity maps that indicate tumour grade and infiltration margins.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We performed a retrospective analysis of mMRI from patients with histological diagnosis of glioma (n = 25). 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) was used to label regions of "pure" low- or high-grade tumour across image types. Normal brain and oedema characteristics were defined from healthy controls (n = 10) and brain metastasis patients (n = 10) respectively. Probability density distributions (PDD) for each tissue type were extracted from intensity normalised proton density and T2-weighted images, and p and q diffusion maps. Superpixel segmentation and Bayesian inference was used to produce whole-brain tissue-type maps.
RESULTS:
Total lesion volumes derived automatically from tissue-type maps correlated with those from manual delineation (p < 0.001, r = 0.87). Large high-grade volumes were determined in all grade III & IV (n = 16) tumours, in grade II gemistocytic rich astrocytomas (n = 3) and one astrocytoma with a histological diagnosis of grade II. For patients with known outcome (n = 20), patients with survival time < 2 years (3 grade II, 2 grade III and 10 grade IV) had a high-grade volume significantly greater than zero (Wilcoxon signed rank p < 0.0001) and also significantly greater high grade volume than the 5 grade II patients with survival >2 years (Mann Witney p = 0.0001). Regions classified from mMRI as oedema had non-tumour-like 1H MRS characteristics.
CONCLUSIONS:
1H MRSI can label tumour tissue types to enable development of a mMRI tissue type mapping algorithm, with potential to aid management of patients with glial tumours.
Keywords: Glioma; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); Multimodal MRI; Nosologic imaging; Pattern recognition
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NeuroImage Clinical 21(2019), 101648
Online First (2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101648
Cited 51 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28845
Dynamics of the magnetoelastic phase transition and adiabatic temperature change in Mn1.3Fe0.7P0.5Si0.55
Fries, M.; Gottschall, T.; Scheibel, F.; Pfeuffer, L.; Skokov, K. P.; Skourski, I.; Acet, M.; Farle, M.; Wosnitza, J.; Gutfleisch, O.
Abstract
The adiabatic temperature change ΔTad of a Mn1.3Fe0.7P0.5Si0.55 Fe2P-type alloy was measured under different magnetic field-sweep rates from 0.93 Ts−1 to 2870 Ts−1. We find a field-sweep-rate independent magnetocaloric effect due to a partial alignment of magnetic moments in the paramagnetic region overlapping with the magnetocaloric effect of the first-order phase transition. Additionally, the first-order phase transition is not completed even in fields up to 20 T leading to a non-saturating behavior of ΔTad. Measurements in different pulsed fields reveal that the first-order phase transition cannot follow the fast field changes as previously assumed, resulting in a distinct field-dependent hysteresis in ΔTad.
Involved research facilities
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD)
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Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 477(2019), 287-291
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.12.086
Cited 12 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28844
Influence of pH, carbonate and calcium concentration on U(VI) retention by clay minerals at (hyper)alkaline conditions – A batch sorption and spectroscopy study
Philipp, T.; Schmeide, K.; Rossberg, A.; Huittinen, N.; Stumpf, T.
Abstract
Clays are considered as potential host rocks and backfill material for deep geological repositories for radioactive waste. Therefore, profound understanding of radionuclide retention processes at clay mineral surfaces is essential for a long-term safety assessment. As a result of the degradation of concrete within such a repository, hyperalkaline cement pore waters can evolve. Since the U(VI) sorption behavior at alkaline conditions is still poorly understood, batch experiments were combined with spectroscopic investigations in order to gain insight into the underlying retention processes on the molecular level.
U(VI) batch sorption experiments (pH 8-13) with various clay minerals at different carbonate concentrations (absence, 0.5 and 100 mM) showed a decreased U(VI) retention in the presence of carbonate up until a certain pH (pH 9.5 or pH 11, depending on [CO32-]) due to the formation of weakly sorbing uranyl carbonate complexes in aqueous solution, confirmed by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS). This is in accordance with previous studies. However, also in the presence of carbonate, U(VI) retention is increased in even stronger alkaline solutions, which is attributed to the preferred formation of hydrolyzed U(VI) species.
In order to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the very strong U(VI) retention in the pH range 10-12 (absence and 0.5 mM CO32-), uranyl complexes on Ca-bentonite surfaces were examined directly, using site-selective TRLFS and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy (ESRF, Grenoble). Both techniques showed the presence of two different U(VI) surface complexes and no indication for U(VI) precipitation. Consequently, under the given conditions, adsorption is the dominant retention process despite the negative mineral surface charge and the anionic character of prevailing aqueous U(VI) species (i.e. UO2(OH)3-). The retention could be realized by mediating cations, which adsorb to the mineral surface in the first place, leading to a local compensation of negative surface charge. Experiments with different calcium concentrations confirmed that the presence of calcium significantly enhances the U(VI) retention between pH 10 an 12.
Keywords: uranium; Ca-bentonite; site-selective TRLFS; EXAFS; speciation; surface complexation; carbonate; calcium
Involved research facilities
- Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF DOI: 10.1107/S1600577520014265
Related publications
- DOI: 10.1107/S1600577520014265 is cited by this (Id 28843) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
International Conference on Clay Science and Technology – EUROCLAY 2019, 01.-05.07.2019, Paris, France
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28843
Enzymes Immobilized on Carbon Nitride (C3N4) Cooperating with Metal Nanoparticles for Cascade Catalysis
Wang, Y.; Zhang, N.; Hübner, R.; Tan, D.; Löffler, M.; Facsko, S.; Zhang, E.; Ge, Y.; Qi, Z.; Wu, C.
Abstract
The exploration of effective platforms for immobilizing chemo- and biocatalysts to develop biohybrid catalysts is an attractive subject of practical interest. In this work, carbon nitride (C3N4) is used for the first time as a platform for the immobilization of metal catalyst (Pd nanoparticles) and biocatalyst (Candida antarctica lipase B, CalB) in a facile manner to prepare biohybrid catalyst. The optimal biohybrid catalyst inherits the intrinsic performance of both Pd nanoparticles and CalB, and shows high activity in the one-pot cascade reaction converting benzaldehyde to benzyl hexanoate at room temperature. With this proof of concept, it is expected that C3N4 can be utilized for immobilizing more types of chemo- and biocatalysts for perspective applications.
Keywords: biohybrid catalysts; CalB; carbon nitride; cascade reactions; Pd nanoparticles
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28842) publication
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Advanced Materials Interfaces (2019), 1801664
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201801664
Cited 32 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28842
Technical Note: Experimental verification of magnetic field-induced beam deflection and Bragg peak displacement for MR-integrated proton therapy.
Schellhammer, S. M.; Gantz, S.; Lühr, A.; Oborn, B. M.; Bussmann, M.; Hoffmann, A. L.
Abstract
Purpose: Given its sensitivity to anatomical variations, proton therapy is expected to benefit greatly from integration with magnetic resonance imaging for online anatomy monitoring during irradiation.
Such an integration raises several challenges, as both systems mutually interact. The proton beam will experience quasi-continuous energy loss and energy-dependent electromagnetic deflection at the same time, giving rise to a deflected beam trajectory and an altered dose distribution with a displaced Bragg peak. So far, these effects have only been predicted using Monte Carlo and analytical models, but no clear consensus has been reached and experimental benchmark data are lacking. We measured proton beam trajectories and Bragg peak displacement in a homogeneous phantom placed inside a magnetic field and compared them to simulations.
Methods: Planar dose distributions of proton pencil beams (80–180 MeV) traversing the field of a 0.95 T NdFeB permanent magnet while depositing energy in a PMMA slab phantom were measured using EBT3 radiochromic films and simulated using the Geant4 toolkit. Deflected beam trajectories and the Bragg peak displacement were extracted from the measured planar dose distributions and compared against the simulations.
Results: The lateral beam deflection was clearly visible on the EBT3 films and ranged from 1 to 10 mm for 80 to 180 MeV, respectively. Simulated and measured beam trajectories and Bragg peak displacement agreed within 0.8 mm for all studied proton energies.
Conclusions: These results prove that the magnetic field-induced Bragg peak displacement is both measurable and accurately predictable in a homogeneous phantom at 0.95 T, and allows Monte Carlo simulations to be used as gold standard for proton beam trajectory prediction in similar frameworks for MR-integrated proton therapy.
Keywords: magnetic field induced Bragg peak displacement; Monte Carlo simulation; MR guidance; proton dosimetry; proton therapy
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Medical Physics 45(2018)7, 3429-3434
DOI: 10.1002/mp.12961
Cited 32 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28841
SDF-1/CXCR4 expression is an independent negative prognostic biomarker in patients with head and neck cancer after primary radiochemotherapy
De-Colle, C.; Menegakis, A.; Mönnich, D.; Welz, S.; Boeke, S.; Sipos, B.; Fend, F.; Mauz, P. S.; Tinhofer, I.; Budach, V.; Abu, J. J.; Stuschke, M.; Balermpas, P.; Rödel, C.; Grosu, A. L.; Abdollahi, A.; Debus, J.; Belka, C.; Ganswindt, U.; Pigorsch, S.; Combs, S. E.; Lohaus, F.; Linge, A.; Krause, M.; Baumann, M.; Zips, D.
Abstract
Introduction: Preclinical and clinical data suggest that the chemokine pathway governed by SDF-1 and CXCR4 contributes to a resistant phenotype. This retrospective biomarker study aims to explore the specific prognostic value of SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) treated with primary radiochemotherapy (RT-CT).
Material and methods: Biopsies from 141 HNSCC tumours of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx were evaluated for SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression by immunofluorescence. SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression was correlated with clinico-pathological characteristics and outcome after RT-CT.
Results: Patients with tumours exhibiting overexpression of intracellular SDF-1 and CXCR4 have a higher risk for loco-regional relapse and a worse overall survival after RT-CT (multivariate analysis, hazard ratio 2.33, CI [1.18–4.62], p = 0.02 and hazard ratio 2.02, CI [1.13–3.59], p = 0.02, respectively). Similar results were observed when only the subgroup of HPV DNA negative patients were analysed (hazard ratio 2.23 and 2.16, p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively).
Conclusions: Our data support the importance of SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression for loco-regional control and overall survival in HNSCC after primary radiochemotherapy. Prospective multivariate validation and further studies into CXCR4 inhibition to overcome radiation resistance are warranted.
Keywords: SDF-1; CXCR4; Head and neck cancer; Prognostic; Biomarker; Primary radiochemotherapy
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Radiotherapy and Oncology 126(2018), 125-131
DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.10.008
Cited 23 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28840
Improved effectiveness of stereotactic radiosurgery in large brain metastases by individualized isotoxic dose prescription: an in silico study
Zindler, J. D.; Schiffelers, J.; Lambin, P.; Hoffmann, A. L.
Abstract
Introduction In large brain metastases (BM) with a diameter of more than 2cm there is an increased risk of radionecrosis (RN) with standard stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) dose prescription, while the normal tissue constraint is exceeded. The tumor control probability (TCP) with a single dose of 15Gy is only 42%. This in silico study tests the hypothesis that isotoxic dose prescription (IDP) can increase the therapeutic ratio (TCP/Risk of RN) of SRS in large BM.
Materials and methods A treatment-planning study with 8 perfectly spherical and 46 clinically realistic gross tumor volumes (GTV) was conducted. The effects of GTV size (0.5–4cm diameter), set-up margins (0, 1, and 2mm), and beam arrangements (coplanar vs non-coplanar) on the predicted TCP using IDP were assessed. For single-, three-, and five-fraction IDP dose–volume constraints of V12Gy = 10cm3, V19.2 Gy = 10cm3, and a V20Gy = 20cm3, respectively, were used to maintain a low risk of radionecrosis.
Results In BM of 4cm in diameter, the maximum achievable single-fraction IDP dose was 14Gy compared to 15Gy for standard SRS dose prescription, with respective TCPs of 32 and 42%. Fractionated SRS with IDP was needed to improve the TCP. For three- and five-fraction IDP, a maximum predicted TCP of 55 and 68% was achieved respectively (non-coplanar beams and a 1mm GTV-PTV margin).
Conclusions Using three-fraction or five-fraction IDP the predicted TCP can be increased safely to 55 and 68%, respectively, in large BM with a diameter of 4cm with a low risk of RN. Using IDP, the therapeutic ratio of SRS in large BM can be increased compared to current SRS dose prescription.
Keywords: Radiotherapy; Stereotactic; Dose prescription; Normal tissue tolerance; Large brain metastases
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Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 194(2018), 560-569
DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-1262-x
Cited 26 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28839
Electro-vortex flow in liquid metal batteries
Nore, C.; Ziebell Ramos, P.; Herreman, W.; Cappanera, L.; Guermond, J.-L.; Weber, N.
Abstract
We study the generation of rotational flows in electrically conducting fluids due to the Electro-Vortex-Flow (EVF) phenomenon, i.e. the interaction of a non-uniform current with the magnetic field it generates. We have been developing a so-called code SFEMaNS since 2001 [2] capable of simulating the nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations in heterogeneous domains (with electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability jumps) in axisymmetric geometries and with several fluids [1]. Liquid Metal Batteries are composed of three layers of fluids (liquid metal electrode–electrolyte–liquid metal electrode) of different densities lying over each other and stabilized by gravity. These batteries are prone to magnetohydrodynamical instabilities (e.g. the Tayler instability [3], the Metal Pad Roll instability [4], etc) which may deform the electrode–electrolyte interfaces until the ultimate situation of short circuit when the two metals touch each other.
In this talk we first discuss the typical intensity and structure of the axisymmetric flow in a liquid metal column covered by many previous studies. After that, we focus on EVF in liquid metal batteries (see figure 1). We discuss the deformation of the electrolyte-liquid metal interfaces caused by EVF and we characterize how EVF helps in mixing the bottom alloy layer.
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Lecture (Conference)
17th European Turbulence Conference, 03.09.2019, Turin, Italien
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28838
Impaired DNA damage response signaling by FUS-NLS mutations leads to neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation
Naumann, M.; Pal, A.; Goswami, A.; Lojewski, X.; Japtok, J.; Vehlow, A.; Naujock, M.; Günther, R.; Jin, M.; Stanslowsky, N.; Reinhardt, P.; Sterneckert, J.; Frickenhaus, M.; Pan-Montojo, F.; Storkebaum, E.; Poser, I.; Freischmidt, A.; Weishaupt, J. H.; Holzmann, K.; Troost, D.; Ludolph, A. C.; Boeckers, T. M.; Liebau, S.; Petri, S.; Cordes, N.; Hyman, A. A.; Wegner, F.; Grill, S. W.; Weis, J.; Storch, A.; Hermann, A.
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent motor neuron disease. Cytoplasmic fused in sarcoma (FUS) aggregates are pathological hallmarks of FUS-ALS. Proper shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm is essential for physiological cell function. However, the initial event in the pathophysiology of FUS-ALS remains enigmatic. Using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived motor neurons (MNs), we show that impairment of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling due to mutations in the FUS nuclear localization sequence (NLS) induces additional cytoplasmic FUS mislocalization which in turn results in neurodegeneration and FUS aggregate formation. Our work suggests that a key pathophysiologic event in ALS is upstream of aggregate formation. Targeting DDR signaling could lead to novel therapeutic routes for ameliorating ALS.
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Nature Communications 9(2018), 335
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02299-1
Cited 192 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28837
Differential effects of α-catenin on the invasion and radiochemosensitivity of human colorectal cancer cells
Förster, S.; Hehlgans, S.; Rödel, F.; Otto, B.; Cordes, N.
Abstract
Driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations, progression, therapy resistance and metastasis are frequent events in colorectal cancer (CRC). Although often speculated, the function of cell-cell contact for radiochemosensitivity, particularly associated with E-cadherin/catenin complex, warrants further clarification. In this study, we investigated the role of the E-cadherin/catenin complex proteins under more physiological three-dimensional (3D) cell culture conditions in a panel of CRC cell lines. In contrast to floating spheroids and growth in the laminin-rich matrix, collagen type 1 induced the formation of two distinct growth phenotypes, i.e., cell groups and single cells, in 5 out of the 8 CRC cell lines.
Further characterization of these subpopulations revealed that, intriguingly, cell-cell contact proteins are important for invasion, but negligible for radiochemosensitivity, proliferation and adhesion. Despite the generation of genomic and transcriptomic data, we were unable to elucidate the mechanisms through which α-catenin affects collagen type 1 invasion. In a retrospective analysis of patients with rectal carcinoma, a low α-catenin expression trended with overall survival, as well as locoregional and distant control. Our results suggest that the E-cadherin/catenin complex proteins forming cell-cell contacts are mainly involved in the invasion, rather than the radiochemosensitivity of 3D grown CRC cells. Further studies are warranted in order to provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling cell-cell adhesion in the context of radiochemoresistance.
Keywords: colorectal cancer; α-catenin; radiochemotherapy; E-cadherin
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International Journal of Oncology 52(2018), 1117-1128
DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4279
Cited 3 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28836
Pretherapeutic FDG–PET total metabolic tumor volume predicts response to induction therapy in pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Rogasch, J.; Hundsdoerfer, P.; Hofheinz, F.; Wedel, F.; Schatka, I.; Amthauer, H.; Furth, C.
Abstract
Background
Standardized treatment in pediatric patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) follows risk stratification by tumor stage, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and tumor bulk. We aimed to identify quantitative parameters from pretherapeutic FDG-PET to assist prediction of response to induction chemotherapy.
Methods
Retrospective analysis in 50 children with HL (f:18; m:32; median age, 14.8 [4–18] a) consecutively treated according to EuroNet-PHL-C1 (n = 42) or -C2 treatment protocol (n = 8). Total metabolic tumor volume (MTV) in pretherapeutic FDG-PET was defined using a semi-automated, background-adapted threshold. Metabolic (SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, total lesion glycolysis [MTV*SUVmean]) and heterogeneity parameters (asphericity [ASP], entropy, contrast, local homogeneity, energy, and cumulative SUV-volume histograms) were derived. Early response assessment (ERA) was performed after 2 cycles of induction chemotherapy according to treatment protocol and verified by reference rating. Prediction of inadequate response (IR) in ERA was based on ROC analysis separated by stage I/II (1 and 26 patients) and stage III/IV disease (7 and 16 patients) or treatment group/level (TG/TL) 1 to 3.
Results
IR was seen in 28/50 patients (TG/TL 1, 6/12 patients; TG/TL 2, 10/17; TG/TL 3, 12/21). Among all PET parameters, MTV best predicted IR; ASP was the best heterogeneity parameter. AUC of MTV was 0.84 (95%-confidence interval, 0.69–0.99) in stage I/II and 0.86 (0.7–1.0) in stage III/IV. In patients of TG/TL 1, AUC of MTV was 0.92 (0.74–1.0); in TG/TL 2 0.71 (0.44–0.99), and in TG/TL 3 0.85 (0.69–1.0). Patients with high vs. low MTV had IR in 86 vs. 0% in TG/TL 1, 80 vs. 29% in TG/TL 2, and 90 vs. 27% in TG/TL 3 (cut-off, > 80 ml, > 160 ml, > 410 ml).
Conclusions
In this explorative study, high total MTV best predicted inadequate response to induction therapy in pediatric HL of all pretherapeutic FDG-PET parameters – in both low and high stages as well as the 3 different TG/TL.
Keywords: Pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma; Early response assessment; FDG-PET; Metabolic tumor volume; Asphericity
Involved research facilities
- PET-Center
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BMC Cancer 18(2018), 521
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4432-4
Cited 36 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28835
Enhancement of the effective mass at high magnetic fields in CeRhIn5
Jiao, L.; Smidman, M.; Kohama, Y.; Wang, Z. S.; Graf, D.; Weng, Z. F.; Zhang, Y. J.; Matsuo, A.; Bauer, E. D.; Lee, H.; Kirchner, S.; Singleton, J.; Kindo, K.; Wosnitza, J.; Steglich, F.; Thompson, J. D.; Yuan, H. Q.
Abstract
The Kondo-lattice compound CeRhIn5 displays a field-induced Fermi surface reconstruction at B* ≈ 30 T, which occurs within the antiferromagnetic state, prior to the quantum critical point at Bc0 ≈ 50 T. Here, in order to investigate the nature of the Fermi surface change, we measured the magnetostriction, specific heat, and magnetic torque of CeRhIn5 across a wide range of magnetic fields. Our observations uncover the field-induced itineracy of the 4f electrons, where above Bonset ≈ 17 T there is a significant enhancement of the Sommerfeld coefficient, and spin-dependent effective cyclotron masses determined from quantum oscillations. Upon crossing Bonset , the temperature dependence of the specific heat also shows distinctly different behavior from that at low fields. Our results indicate that the Kondo coupling is remarkably robust upon increasing the magnetic field. This is ascribed to the delocalization of the 4f electrons at the Fermi surface reconstruction at B*.
Involved research facilities
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD)
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Physical Review B 99(2019), 045127
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.045127
Cited 17 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28834
Concise Review: Prostate Cancer Stem Cells: Current Understandin
Skvortsov, S.; Skvortsova, I. I.; Tang, D. G.; Dubrovska, A.
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is heterogeneous, harboring phenotypically diverse cancer cell types. PCa cell heterogeneity is caused by genomic instability that leads to the clonal competition and evolution of the cancer genome and by epigenetic mechanisms that result in subclonal cellular differentiation. The process of tumor cell differentiation is initiated from a population of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) that possess many phenotypic and functional properties of normal stem cells. Since the initial reports on PCSCs in 2005, there has been much effort to elucidate their biological properties, including unique metabolic characteristics. In this Review, we discuss the current methods for PCSC enrichment and analysis, the hallmarks of PCSC metabolism, and the role of PCSCs in tumor progression.
Keywords: Prostate; Cancer; Cancer stem cells; Heterogeneity; Metabolism
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Stem Cells 36(2018), 1457-1474
DOI: 10.1002/stem.2859
Cited 87 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Final Draft PDF 1 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28833
Field-induced phases in a heavy-fermion U(Ru0.92Rh0.08)2Si2 single crystal
Prokes, K.; Förster, T.; Huang, Y.-K.; Mydosh, J. A.
Abstract
We report the high-field-induced magnetic phases and phase diagram of a high quality U(Ru0.92Rh0.08 )2Si2 single crystal prepared using a modified Czochralski method. Our paper, that combines high-field magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements, shows for fields applied along the c-axis direction three field-induced magnetic phase transitions at μ0Hc1 = 21.60, μ0Hc2 = 37.90, and μ0Hc3 = 38.25 T, respectively. In agreement with a microscopic up-up-down arrangement of the U magnetic moments the phase above Hc1 has a magnetization of about one-third of the saturated value. In contrast the phase between Hc2 and Hc3 has a magnetization that is a factor of 2 lower than above the Hc3 where a polarized Fermi-liquid state with a saturated moment Ms ≈ 2.1μB/U is realized. Most of the respective transitions are reflected in the electrical resistivity as sudden drastic changes. Most notably, the phase between Hc1 and Hc2 exhibits substantially larger values. As the temperature increases, transitions smear out and disappear above ≈15 K. However, a substantial magnetoresistance is observed even at temperatures as high as 80 K. Due to a strong uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy, a very small field effect is observed for fields applied perpendicular to the c-axis direction.
Involved research facilities
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD)
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Physical Review B 99(2019), 045104
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.045104
Cited 1 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28832
Jahn-Teller effect problems via ultrasonic experiments. Application to the impurity crystal CdSe:Cr
Averkiev, N. S.; Bersuker, I. B.; Gudkov, V. V.; Zhevstovskikh, I. V.; Sarychev, M. N.; Zherlitsyn, S.; Yasin, S.; Korostelin, Y. V.; Surikov, V. T.
Abstract
Based on the data analysis of ultrasonic experiments, a novel approach has been developed to explore Jahn-Teller effect (JTE) problems in non-cubic crystals with JT centers without involving additional experimental data beyond the information about the electronic term and crystal symmetry. Distinguished from cubic crystals, the axis of symmetry of the bulk non-cubic crystal do not necessarily coincide with those of the local impurity center, thus complicating the relation between the distortions produced by the ultrasound wave and the JTE active modes. We analysed the problem with corresponding calculations for the wurtzite-type hexagonal crystal CdSe:Cr2+, in which the chromium ion substitutes the cadmium one in the tetrahedral environment, resulting in its electronic ground state 5T2(e2t2). Experimental investigation of this system by ultrasound at frequencies of 28-105 MHz in the temperature range of 4-180 K, yields a peak in the attenuation of the ultrasound below 40 K for the normal modes related to the c 11, c 44, c 55, c 55, and c 66 elastic moduli. The peak has been interpreted as the manifestation of the JTE, similar to the one, observed in cubic crystals doped with 3d ions. However, no anomalies of attenuation have been detected for the mode related to the c 33 elastic modulus, in contradiction to the theoretical predictions based on the previous method, worked out for cubic crystals. In the new method we obtained direct relations between the deformations, related to the crystal moduli, and the local JT modes, calculated the partition functions for each of the three possible JTE problems for systems with an electronic T term, T⊗e, T⊗t2 and T⊗(e + t2) revealed how these deformations alter the vibronic energy levels responsible for the relaxations in the JT centers. It emerged that in the wurtzite crystal under consideration, only in the T⊗e problem the deformation related to the elastic moduli c 33 displaces all the vibronic energy level uniformly, without relaxation possibilities, thus supporting the new method and explaining the experimental observations.
Involved research facilities
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD)
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1148(2018), 012008
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1148/1/012008
Cited 2 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28831
Changing the properties of GaAs via strain engineering in core/shell nanowires
Balaghi, L.; Bussone, G.; Grifone, R.; Hübner, R.; Grenzer, J.; Shan, S.; Fotev, I.; Pashkin, A.; Ghorbani-Asl, M.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Schneider, H.; Helm, M.; Dimakis, E.
Abstract
III-V compound semiconductors have fueled many breakthroughs in photonics owing to their direct optical band gap and the possibility to tailor it in ternary or quaternary alloys by selecting the chemical composition appropriately. More recently, III-V semiconductors in the form of free-standing nanowires have found new strengths for a wide range of future applications in nanotechnology, including nano-photonics. Here we explore the great possibilities for strain engineering in core/shell nanowires as an alternative route to tailor the optical band gap of III-V semiconductors without changing their chemical composition. In particular, we demonstrate that the GaAs core in GaAs/InxGa1-xAs or GaAs/InxAl1-xAs core/shell nanowires can sustain unusually large misfit strains that would have been impossible in equivalent thin-film heterostructures, and undergoes a significant modification of its electronic proper-ties.
Core/shell nanowires were grown in the self-catalyzed mode on SiOx/Si(111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy [1, 2]. Strain analysis was performed using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman scat-tering spectroscopy, and showed that for a thin enough core, the magnitude and the spatial distribution of the built-in misfit strain can be regulated via the composition and the thickness of the shell. Beyond a critical shell thickness, we obtain a heavily tensile-strained core and an almost strain-free shell. The tensile strain of the core exhibits a predominantly-hydrostatic character and causes the reduction of the GaAs band gap energy (Figure 1) in accordance with our theoretical predictions using deformation-potential theory and first-principle calculations. For 7 % of strain (x = 0.54), the band gap energy was reduced to 0.87 eV at 300 K, i.e. a remarkable reduction of 40 %. This is particularly important for ap-plications in optical fiber telecommunications because the emission from strained GaAs nanowires can now cover the O-band and potentially the S-band of telecommunication wavelengths.
Besides the optical band gap, a similar reduction is expected for the effective mass of free electrons in tensile-strained GaAs. The corresponding electron mobility was estimated by time-domain terahertz spectroscopy to be in the range of 4000 – 5000 cm2/V·s at 300 K (core diameter = 22 nm, x = 0.39–0.49). These values are the highest reported, even in comparison to GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs nanowires with double the core thickness. This means that high-mobility transistors could now be possible with strained GaAs nanowires.
All in all, our results demonstrate that strained GaAs in core/shell nanowires can resemble the electronic properties of InxGa1-xAs, which makes it suitable for near-infrared nano-photonics. The use of a binary alloy instead of a ternary one would be advantageous because phenomena like phase separation, surface segregation or alloy disorder that typically exist in ternary alloys and limit the performance of photonic or electronic devices, become now irrelevant.
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28829) publication
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Nanostructures for Photonics, 07.05.2018, Saint Petersburg, Russia
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28829
Broadband photo-excited coherent acoustic frequency combs and mini-Brillouin-zone modes in a MQW-SESAM structure
Li, C.; Gusev, V.; Dimakis, E.; Dekorsy, T.; Hettich, M.
Abstract
A multiple quantum-well semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (MQW-SESAM) structure has been investigated by femtosecond pump-probe laser spectroscopy at a central wavelength of around 1050 nm. Coherent acoustic phonons are generated and detected over a wide frequency range from ~15 GHz to ~800 GHz. In the optical absorption region, i.e., in the multiple quantum wells (In0.27Ga0.73As), acoustic frequency combs centered at ~365 GHz, with a comb spacing of ~33 GHz, are generated. Most importantly, in the transparent region, i.e., in the distributed Bragg reflector, which is formed by a non-doped long-period semiconductor GaAs/Al0.95Ga0.05As superlattice, the mini-Brillouin-zone center, as well as zone-edge acoustic modes, are observed. The mini-zone-center modes with a fundamental frequency of 32 GHz can be attributed to the spatial modulation of the pump optical interference field with a period very close to that of the distributed Bragg reflector, in combination with the periodic spatial modulation of the electrostriction coefficient in the distributed Bragg reflector. The excitation of mini-zone-edge modes is attributed to the stimulated subharmonic decay of the fundamental center modes. Their subsequent back-folding to the mini-Brillouin-zone center makes them Raman active for the probe light.
Keywords: coherent acoustic phonons; pump-probe spectroscopy; quantum well; semiconductor; superlattice; mini-Brillouin-zone; high-speed asynchronous optical sampling
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Applied Sciences 9(2019), 289
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28828
Observation of sidearm splitting studied by high resolution X-ray radiography
Shevchenko, N.; Grenzer, J.; Keplinger, O.; Rack, A.; Eckert, S.
Abstract
The local dynamics of dendritic sidearms during the growth stage are studied by in-situ radiography observations at high spatial resolution of < 1 µm. A flat sample of a Ga-In alloy is solidified top-down applying a vertical temperature gradient. The evolving dendritic microstructure is visualized using synchrotron X-ray imaging at the beamline ID19 (ESRF, France). The experimental investigations on the dendrite evolution revealed a transition from a four-fold symmetry to a hyperbranched dendritic morphology. Both, the sidearm-splitting phenomena – responsible for this morphological transition – as well as the arm growth dynamics are characterized by image processing.
Keywords: Dendritic growth; Solidification; Sidearm splitting; Synchrotron X-ray imaging
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International Journal of Materials Research 111(2020)1, 11-16
DOI: 10.3139/146.111835
Cited 3 times in Scopus
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- Final Draft PDF 1,4 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28827
Development and radiosynthesis of the first 18F-labeled inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)
Sadeghzadeh, M.; Moldovan, R.-P.; Fischer, S.; Wenzel, B.; Ludwig, F.-A.; Teodoro, R.; Deuther-Conrad, W.; Jonnalagadda, S.; K. Jonnalagadda, S.; Gudelis, E.; Šačkus, A.; R. Mereddy, V.; R. Drewes, L.; Brust, P.
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4) are involved in tumor development and progression. Their expression levels are related to clinical disease prognosis. Accordingly, both MCTs are promising drug targets for treatment of a variety of human cancers. The non-invasive imaging of these MCTs in cancers is regarded to be advantageous for assessing MCT-mediated effects on chemotherapy and radiosensitization using specific MCT inhibitors. Herein, we describe a method for the radiosynthesis of [18F]FACH ((E)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)(propyl) amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylic acid), as a novel radiolabeled MCT1/4 inhibitor for imaging with PET. A fluorinated analog of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (FACH) was synthesized and the inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 was measured via an [14C]lactate uptake assay. Radiolabeling was performed via a two-step protocol comprising the radiosynthesis of the intermediate (E)/(Z)-[18F]tert-Bu-FACH (tert-butyl (E)/(Z)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylate) followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl group. The radiofluorination was successfully implemented using either K[18F]F-K2.2.2-carbonate or [18F]TBAF. The final deprotected product [18F]FACH was only obtained when [18F]tert-Bu-FACH was formed by the latter procedure. After optimization of the deprotection reaction, [18F]FACH was obtained in high radiochemical yields (39.6 ± 8.3%, EOB) and radiochemical purity (>98%).
Keywords: Radiofluorination; [18F]FACH; Positron emission tomography (PET); Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs); α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (α-CHC)
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Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals 62(2019)8, 411-424
DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3739
Cited 6 times in Scopus
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- Final Draft PDF 1002 kB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28825
Structural and optical properties of pulsed-laser deposited crystalline β-Ga2O3 thin films on silicon
Berencén, Y.; Xie, Y.; Wang, M.; Prucnal, S.; Rebohle, L.; Zhou, S.
Abstract
Crystalline β-Ga2O3 thin films on (100)- and (111)-oriented Si substrates are produced by pulsed laser deposition. The as-deposited thin films are demonstrated to be polycrystalline and contain a slight deficit of oxygen atoms as measured by x-ray diffraction spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, respectively. The crystallographic orientation of the Si substrate is found to play no role on the ultimate properties of the films. A direct optical band gap of 4.8 eV is determined by temperature-dependent photoluminescence excitation (PLE). Temperature-dependent PLE spectra reveal the existence of a deep acceptor level of around 1.1 eV with respect to the valence band related to self-trapped holes. We experimentally demonstrate that point defects in O-poor β-Ga2O3 thin films act as deep donors and the optical transitions are found to take place via recombination of electrons from one of the intrinsic deep donor levels with self-trapped holes located at 1.1 eV above the valence band. The 3.17 eV ultraviolet photoluminescence is proven to be related to self-trapped holes in a small polaron state between two O(II)-s sites, whereas the two blue (2.98, 2.72 eV) and the green (2.39 eV) luminescence bands are mainly originated from gallium-oxygen vacancy pairs in the (1-) charge state, gallium vacancies in the (2-) charge state and neutral oxygen interstitials, respectively.
Keywords: β-Ga2O3 thin film on Si; pulsed laser deposition; photoluminescence; substrate orientation
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28824) publication
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Semiconductor Science and Technology 34(2019), 035001
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6641/aafc90
Cited 44 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Final Draft PDF 707 kB Secondary publication
- Fulltext from iopscience.iop.org
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28824
Geological 3D model of the Thaba Chrome Mine, Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Schwäbe, A.; Gutzmer, J.; Bachmann, K.
Abstract
This 3D geologic-stratigraphic modelling project is based on comprehensive drilling data originating from the Thaba mining lease area in the Western Bushveld Complex, South Africa. The geometric shape and distribution of manifold ultramafic and mafic rock types of the cyclic units of Lower and Upper Critical Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite is subject of this study. These 2.06 Ga old Paleoproterozoic successions occur as layered sequences at Thaba Mine and are characterized by shallow inclination towards SE (dipping angles 15° to 27°), distinct lateral and vertical continuity of the layering and the regular stratigraphic order of the horizons.
Therewith, the requirements for the 3D geologic modelling approach are complied. The technique is called ‘Integrated Stratigraphic Modelling’ and is utilized by Maptek’s Vulcan modelling suite. The project is started by compiling a drilling database of more than 400 boreholes that host collar, survey, geology, and assay data. The present rock types of the source data are classified into five classes (chromitite, ‘silicate’, alteration, structure, burden) and a stratigraphic list of 42 horizons is developed based on the positions of chromitite horizons in the drilling data. Preparations for the modelling include modifications of original drilling data by applying the succession of horizons on the stratigraphy field in the geology table of the database.
The developed stratigraphic horizon list is utilized by the software to sequence and interpolate floor and roof positions of each horizon. In total, the model consists of 21 chromitite layers (LG1 to MG4b) and 21 mafic interlayers. Interlayer horizons with the suffix -‘SIL’ comprise all rock types between two chromitite layers. Pyroxenite, harzburgite, and norite are most dominant; the higher in the stratigraphic column the more likely are rock types that contain cumulus plagioclase, e.g. anorthosites. Altered rock types such as troctolites and serpentinites are also occurring relatively frequent, but also discordant IRUP bodies as well as dykes and pegmatitic rocks.
Chromitite layers are representing the basal parts of cyclic units with average thicknesses between a few centimeters and one meter, in some cases up to a few meters. Especially Lower Group chromitites are occurring with relative constant thicknesses over the entire study area. The farms Schilpadnest, south-west Zwartkop, and Elandskuil are parts of the study area where the layering is developed best. Middle Group chromitites and their mafic host rocks are distributed much more discontinuous on the farms Zwartkop (north-east), Roodedam, and Middellaagte.
A pronounced lateral variation of the distribution of chromitites and host rock interlayers is recognizable in different parts of the study area, particularly areas of intense faulting between the farms Zwartkop and Middellaagte plus between Middellaagte and Elandskuil. Additionally, the consistency of the modelling results is reduced in areas were dominantly short boreholes occur, especially on the north-east section of farm Zwartkop.
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Master thesis
TU BA Freiberg, 2018
Mentor: Jens Gutzmer
90 Seiten
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28823
A new single crystal diffractometer at BM20/ESRF
Hennig, C.; Ikeda-Ohno, A.; Radoske, T.; Scheinost, A. C.
Abstract
The Institute of Resource Ecology / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf operates since 20 years the Rossendorf Beamline (ROBL/BM20) at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). The ESRF will interrupt the user operation for a large upgrade between January 2019 and July 2020. This time will be used to refurbish the existing experiments and to extend the experimental capacities including a diffractometer for single crystal diffraction.
This diffractometer intends to fill the gap between small molecule and large molecule crystallography. The photon flux of up to 1012 photons/sec allow the structure determination of small single crystals. The analysis of complex intergrown crystals and electron density studies is possible. The energy range of 5-35 keV allows the use of anomalous dispersion. In-situ experiments will be supported.
The objective requires the combination of a large detector, precise sample position and sufficient space for additional equipment. The diffractometer consists of an adjustable granite table with a metal frame which carry the detector. It follows a design of SNBL/ESRF and is manufactured by Instrument Design Technology Ltd/UK. The Bragg reflexes will be registered with a silicon Pilatus3 X 2M single photon counting detector. Samples will be mounted on a kappa goniometer. A microscope will be placed in a large distance 170 mm from the crystal, which allows to install a cryo cooler (80-400 K), a heater (1200 K), and a Vortex X90 CUBE silicon drift detector with a FalconX1 processor. The data extraction with will be performed with CRYSALIS. Individual components are already tested with X-ray beam.
The new single crystal diffractometer will be accessible starting from August 2020.
Keywords: single crystal diffraction; small molecule and large molecule crystallography; SCXRD; Rossendorf Beamline
Involved research facilities
- Rossendorf Beamline at ESRF DOI: 10.1107/S1600577520014265
Related publications
- DOI: 10.1107/S1600577520014265 is cited by this (Id 28822) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
Annual Meeting of the German Crystallographic Society, 25.-28.03.2019, Leipzig, Germany -
Abstract in refereed journal
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie Supplement 39(2019), S16-04
ISSN: 0930-486X
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28822
Multivariate geochemical classification of chromitite seams in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Bachmann, K.; Menzel, P.; Tolosana-Delgado, R.; Schmidt, C.; Hill, M.; Gutzmer, J.
Abstract
The Bushveld Complex, the largest layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion worldwide, is host of numerous, laterally continuous and chemically similar chromitite seams. Based on their stratigraphic position the seams are subdivided into a lower, middle and upper group (LG, MG and UG). Within these groups the seams are numbered successively – from the base to the top of each group. Attempts of discriminating between single seams based on their composition have failed – mainly due to the significant overlap of compositional fields, e.g. of chromitite mineral assemblages and chromite mineral chemistry between (neighboured) seams. In this contribution a tailored and easy to use multivariate classification scheme for the chromitite seams is proposed, based on a comprehensive classification routine for the LG and MG chromitites. This routine allows a clear attribution with known uncertainty of eight distinct chromitite seams. The study was carried out at the Thaba Mine, a chromite mine located on the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The classification is based on a large geochemical database (N = 1205) from Thaba Mine. It comprises of a hierarchical discrimination approach relying on linear discriminant analysis and involves five distinct steps. Using default homogeneous prior probabilities, classification results are excellent for the first discrimination steps (LGs vs. MGs, 97 %; LG-6 vs. LG-6A, 94 %) and very good for the following steps (MG-1/2 vs. MG-3/4, 86 %; MG-1 vs. MG-2, 92 %; MG-3 vs. MG-4, 93 %; MG-4 vs. MG-4Z, 97 %; MG-4 vs. MG-4A, 88 %). The classification scheme was tested using the same sample set as a training set with unknown composition. Overall classification results for unknown samples belonging to one of the seams are 81 %. Hence, the classification scheme is at least valid for the Thaba mine. The approach may, however, be extended across the entire Bushveld, provided that an appropriate geochemical data set is available.
Keywords: Linear discriminant analysis; PGE; Thaba Mine; Lower group chromitites; Middle group chromitites; compositional data analysis
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Applied Geochemistry 130(2019), 106-117
DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.02.009
Cited 7 times in Scopus
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- Final Draft PDF 1,9 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28821
Variations in Composition, Texture, and Platinum Group Element Mineralization in the Lower Group and Middle Group Chromitites of the Northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Kaufmann, F. E. D.; Hoffmann, M. C.; Bachmann, K.; Veksler, I. V.; Trumbull, R. B.; Hecht, L.
Abstract
Small-scale variations in mineral chemistry, textures and platinum group element (PGE) mineralization were investigated in the Lower and Middle Group chromitite layers LG6, LG6a, MG1, MG2, MG2 II from vertical drill core profiles at the Thaba mine in the northwestern limb of the Bushveld Complex. We present detailed geochemical profiles of chromite composition and chromite crystal-size distribution curves to shed light on the processes of chromite accumulation and textural modification as well as mineralization. Multiple samples within each layer were assayed for platinum-group element concentrations and the respective platinum-group mineral association was determined by mineral liberation analysis (MLA).
There is strong evidence for post-cumulus changes in the chromitites. The crystal size distribution curves suggest that the primary chromite texture was coarsened by a combination of adcumulus growth and textural equilibration, while compaction of the crystal mush played only a minor role. Mineral compositions were also modified by post-cumulus processes, but because of the very high modal amount of chromite and its local preservation in orthopyroxene oikocrysts, that phase retained much primary information. Vertical variations of chromite composition within chromitite layers, and from one layer to another do not support the idea of chromite accumulation from crystal-rich slurries nor crystal settling from a large magma chamber. Instead, we favor a successive buildup of chromitite layers by repeated injections of relatively thin layers of chromite-saturated magmas, with in-situ crystallization occurring at the crystal mush-magma interface. The adcumulus growth of chromite grains to form massive chromitite required addition of Cr to the layers, which we attribute to downward percolation from the overlying magma.
The PGE concentrations are elevated in all chromitite layers compared to adjacent silicate rocks, and show a systematic increase upwards from LG6 (ave. 807 ppb Ir+Ru+Rh+Pt+Pd+Au) to MG2 II (ave. 2062 ppb). There are also significant internal variations in all layers, with enrichments at hanging and/or footwalls. The enriched nature of chromitites in PGE compared to host pyroxenites is a general feature, independent of the layer thickness. The MLA results distinguish two principal groups of PGE mineral associations: the LG6, LG6 and MG1 are dominated by the malanite series, laurite and PGE sulfarsenides, while the MG2 and MG2 II layers are characterized by laurite and PGE sulfides, as well as Pt-Fe-Sn and PGE-Sb-Bi-Pb alloys. Differences in the PGE associations are attributed to post-cumulus alteration of the MG2 and MG2 II layer, while the chromitites below, particularly LG6 and LG6a, contain the primary association.
Keywords: Bushveld Complex; chromitites; PGE mineralization; crystal size distribution; Thaba Mine; MLA
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Economic Geology 114(2019)3, 569-590
DOI: 10.5382/econgeo.4641
Cited 12 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28820
On defects role in enhanced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Pt/Co/Pt, induced by ion irradiation
Jakubowski, M. M.; Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Dynowska, E.; Sveklo, I.; Milińska, E.; Kurant, Z.; Böttger, R.; von Borany, J.; Maziewski, A.; Wagner, A.; Wawro, A.
Abstract
Modifications of magnetic and magneto-optical properties of Pt/Co(dCo)/Pt upon Ar+ irradiation (with energy 1.2, 5 and 30 keV) and fluence, F at the range from 2e13-2e16 Ar+/cm^2) were studied. Two ‘branches’ of increased perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and enhanced magneto-optical response are found on two-dimensional (dCo, F) diagrams. The difference in F between ‘branches’ is driven by ion energy. Structural features correlated with magnetic properties have been analysed thoroughly by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and positron annihilation spectroscopy. Experimental results are in agreement with TRIDYN numerical calculations of irradiation-induced layers intermixing. Our work discusses particularly structural factors related to crystal lattice defects and strain, created and modified by irradiation, co-responsible for the increase in PMA.
Keywords: thin films; magnetic measurements; vacancy formation; Rutherford backscattering, RBS; atom, molecule, and ion impact; positron spectroscopies
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
- P-ELBE
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28819) publication
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28819) publication
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Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 31(2019), 185801
DOI: 10.1088/1361-648X/ab0351
Cited 8 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28819
Spin currents and spin-transfer torques
Deac, A. M.
Abstract
To-date, the best known (or most successfully implemented) spin-based device is the hard-disk read-head. Indeed, the discovery of giant magnetoresistance enabled a paradigm shift in the miniaturization of magnetic storage technology, which was disruptive enough to earn a Nobel for the two researchers who carried out the initial studies [1]. In a nutshell, giant magnetoresistance refers to the fact that the electrical properties of a multilayer containing at least two magnetic layers depend on the orientation of their magnetic moment. For instance, if the magnetic layers are cobalt, iron or nickel (or their alloys), the resistance of the structure is maximum when the magnetic moments are antiparallel to each other, and minimum when they are parallel.
More recently, it has been demonstrated the inverse phenomenon can also be observed: the relative orientation of the magnetic moments of two ferromagnetic layers can be manipulated by applying an electrical bias (i.e. a current or a voltage) across the structure. This is a consequence of spin-momentum transfer between the conduction electrons and the magnetization of the layer they are travelling across, which effectively induces a torque on the magnetization, the so-called ‘spin-transfer torque’ or ‘spin-torque’ [2-6]. Two main effects can be induced exploiting this torque: the magnetic moment of a given layer can be switched to a chosen direction – for instance, from parallel to antiparallel to the magnetization of the second layer – or it can be induced to gyrate around a given direction for as long as the electrical bias is applied. Today, spin-transfer switching is the write scheme for non-volatile, ultra-fast Spin-Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) devices. STT-RAM can be designed so that they can scale down to more than one fifth of all other available technologies, including SRAM [7,8]. Spin-transfer driven precession [6] has been suggested as working principle for other spin-based nanoelectronics devices currently under consideration, which range from tuneable, low input power radio-frequency oscillators wireless communication, to magnetic field sensors, negative resistors, amplifiers, write heads and random number generators. Indeed, the frequency of such devices can be adjusted simply by changing the applied bias, and they provide sufficient power [9] while at the same time being about 50 times smaller than present devices used in mobile telecommunication [10]. Moreover, novel materials hold the promise of pushing the frequency limit beyond what present-day technology can achieve [11]. Possible applications include anti-collision systems for cars, remote hospitals and immersive audio-video entertainment systems.
The talk will present the different projects focusing on spin currents and spin-transfer-torque induced phenomena being pursued by the Spintronics Group at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (Germany).
[1] http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html
[2] J. C. Slonczewski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 159, L1 (1996).
[3] L. Berger, Phys. Rev. B 54, 9353 (1996).
[4] M. D. Stiles, A. Zangwill, Phys. Rev. B 66, 014407 (2002).
[5] J. A. Katine, F. J. Albert, R. A. Buhrman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3149 (2000).
[6] S. I. Kiselev, J. C. Sankey, I. N. Krivorotov et al., Nature (London) 425, 380 (2003).
[7] http://www.avalanche-technology.com/technology/ram
[8] http://www.everspin.com/
[9] A. Deac, A. Fukushima, H. Kubota, et al., Nature Phys. 4, 803 (2008).
[10] P. Villard, U. Ebels, D. Houssameddine, et al., IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 45, 214 (2010).
[11] S. Mizukami, F. Wu, A. Sakuma, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 117201 (2011).
Keywords: magnetism; spin currents; spin-transfer torques
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory (HLD)
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28818) publication
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28818) publication
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Lecture (others)
Seminar, 04.02.2019, Melbourne, Australia
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28818
[11C]-Methionine-PET/MRI is superior to MRI alone for detecting residual tumor burden in glioblastoma multiforme undergoing radical radiochemotherapy – analysis of a prospective trial
Beuthien-Baumann, B.; Seidlitz, A.; Platzek, I.; Petr, J.; Kotzerke, J.; Jentsch, C.; Löck, S.; Zessin, J.; Krex, D.; Zöphel, K.; Schackert, G.; van den Hoff, J.; Baumann, M.; Krause, M.
Abstract
Keywords: [11C]Methionin; Glioblastoma; Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie
Involved research facilities
- PET-Center
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Abstract in refereed journal
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 45(2018)S1, OP-088
ISSN: 1619-7070
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28817
Microstructure of accumulative roll bonded high purity aluminium laminates
Chekhonin, P.; Zöllner, D.; Zimmer, E.; Scharnweber, J.; Romberg, J.; Skrotzki, W.
Abstract
Aluminium sheets of high purity were produced by accumulative roll bonding (ARB) at room temperature. The microstructure of the sheets up to 16 ARB cycles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. In all sheets discontinuous dynamic recrystallization occurred leading to coarse grains. In general, the grain size decreases with increasing number of applied ARB cycles, but remains much larger than the theoretical layer thickness after 6 or more ARB cycles. It is shown for the first time, how the interfaces introduced by ARB have a significant effect on the elongated grain shape by a combined experimental-numerical-study: The resulting microstructure is qualitatively discussed with regard to defects introduced at the interfaces by the ARB process, while two-dimensional Potts model simulations yield very good qualitative agreements with the experiments and underpin the importance of the ARB interfaces as barriers for the motion of grain boundaries.
Keywords: accumulative roll bonding; microstructure; dynamic recrystallization; modelling
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Materialia 5(2019), 100236
DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2019.100236
Cited 11 times in Scopus
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- Final Draft PDF 2,5 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28816
Contact of a tumour with the pleura is not associated with regional recurrence following stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer
Wink, K. C. J.; Löck, S.; Rossi, M.; van Baardwijk, A.; Belderbos, J.; de Ruysscher, D.; Troost, E. G. C.
Abstract
Background and purpose: The aim was to investigate the incidence of isolated regional failure following stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) and risk factors for recurrence. Materials and methods: Early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with SABR were included in this retrospective cohort study, with isolated regional recurrence (IRR) as primary endpoint, distant recurrence (DR) and overall survival (OS) as secondary endpoints. Survival analyses were performed using the cumulative incidence function (IRR and DR) or the Kaplan–Meier method (OS) and Cox proportional hazards modelling for univariate and multivariate analyses. The prognostic effect of contact between the tumour and the pleura was investigated using the CT scans used for SABR planning. Results: A total of 554 patients were included, of whom 494 could be analysed for IRR. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 48.1 months. Twenty-one patients developed an IRR (4%). The cumulative incidence of IRR and DR after 1-, 2-, and 5 years was 2%, 3%, 7% and 8%, 15% and 21%, respectively. Two year OS was 71%. The presence and type of pleural contact was not associated with any of the studied outcomes. Conclusion: The presence, type and length of pleural contact as surrogate for visceral pleural invasion were not predictive for outcome. Further studies focussing on risk factors for occult nodal involvement, (I)RR, distant metastases and mortality in early stage NSCLC are warranted for the development of risk adapted diagnostic, treatment and follow-up strategies as more younger, operable and fitter patients receive SABR. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Early stage NSCLC; Isolated regional recurrence; Radiotherapy; SABR; Visceral pleural invasion
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Radiotherapy and Oncology 131(2019), 120-126
DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2018.11.024
Cited 3 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28814
Optically detected spin-mechanical resonance in silicon carbide membranes
Poshakinskiy, A. V.; Astakhov, G.
Abstract
Hybrid spin-mechanical systems are a promising platform for future quantum technologies. Usually they require application of additional microwave fields to project integer spin to a readable state. We develop a theory of optically detected spin-mechanical resonance associated with half-integer spin defects in silicon carbide (SiC) membranes. It occurs when a spin resonance frequency matches a resonance frequency of a mechanical mode, resulting in a shortening of the spin relaxation time through enhanced spin-phonon coupling. The effect can be detected as an abrupt reduction of the photoluminescence intensity under optical pumping without application of microwave fields. We propose all-optical protocols based on such spin-mechanical resonance to detect external magnetic fields and mass with ultra-high sensitivity. We also discuss room-temperature nonlinear effects un- der strong optical pumping, including spin-mediated cooling and heating of mechanical modes. Our approach suggests a new concept for quantum sensing using spin-optomechanics.
Keywords: Quantum sensing; spin-mechanical systems; silicon carbide; point defects
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Physical Review B 100(2019), 094104
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.100.094104
Cited 14 times in Scopus
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- Final Draft PDF 536 kB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28813
Influence of microscopic precipitate structures on macroscopic pattern formation in reactive flows in a confined geometry
Balog, E.; Bittmann, K.; Schwarzenberger, K.; Eckert, K.; de Wit, A.; Schuszter, G.
Abstract
Thanks to the coupling between chemical precipitation reactions and hydrodynamics, new dynamic phenomena may be obtained and new types of materials can be synthesized. Here we experimentally investigate how the characteristic microscopic crystal properties affect the macroscopic pattern obtained. To shed light on such interactions, different reactant solutions are radially injected into a calcium chloride solution at different volumetric flow rates in a confined geometry. Depending on the reactants used and the flow conditions, deformed precipitate membranes have been observed due to reaction-driven viscous fingering. In such cases we show that upon injection a large number of small particles is produced in situ by the reaction at the miscible interface between the two reactant solutions. Therefore, a colloidal gel composed of those tiny particles is pushed forward by the injected aqueous solution giving rise to a viscosity gradient-driven hydrodynamic instability.
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Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21(2019)6, 2910-2918
DOI: 10.1039/C8CP07693F
Cited 13 times in Scopus
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28812
Multiphase Flow Imaging - From Fundamentals to Applications
Abstract
The invited lecture discusses fundamentals and applications of tomographic imaging for multiphase flow measurement. A focus is given to the fields of oil and gas production, chemical engineering and nuclear engineering. Th etals addresses open quesions and future needs and exemplarily demonstrates the use of tomographic imaging techniques in fundmental and engineering research at HZDR.
Keywords: multiphase flow; flow measurement; flow imaging; tomograpy; chemical engineering; nuclear engineering; oil and gas production
Involved research facilities
- TOPFLOW Facility
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
SPIE Student Chapter, 12.02.2019, Dresden, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28811
Robust Bayesian inference using Bayes spaces
Abstract
In the world of geoanalytics and mining statistics we are often confronted with indirect and uncertain measurments, where there might be considerable bias in the observations itself. This contribution addresses a new view to robust Bayesian inference, which might be suitable to address such problems.
Bayes spaces are spaces of distributions and likelihoods, similar to compositions and the Aitchison simplex. In these spaces the updating a prior to a posterior is a vector addition. This simple structure allows it to reconsider questions from Bayesian statistical analysis. E.g. a posteriors from different priors have a constant difference independent of the actual observation.
In this contribution we will consider robustness against uncertainty in model assumptions and data errors. The structure allows it to introduce uncertainty about the prior knowledge by replacing a single prior by convex set of possible priors and a single model of likelihoods by convex sets of possible models. A Bayesian update is than convex Minkowski sum of the two sets, which can be explictly computed and analysed. We will show in examples how model uncertainty and possible data errors can be expressed.
We will also discuss the uncertainty introduced by this approach. While uncertainty measured in the geometry of the Bayes spaces measured as diameter convex result will diverge at rate n, we can typically observe a constant residual uncertainty in the model estimation.
Keywords: Robust Statistics; Bayesian inference; Minkovski Sum
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Lecture (Conference)
IAMG2019 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences, 10.-16.08.2019, University Park, Pennsylvenia, USA
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28810
Estimating the distribution of the field for Multiple Point Statistics
van den Boogaart, K. G.; Selia, S. R. R.; Tolosana Delgado, R.
Abstract
Multiple Point statistics typically provides a known distribution of the random field by means of the training image. Classical Geostatistics estimates the variogram, which is only an aspect of the distribution of the field. Both thus might use an inappropriate description of the distribution of the random field. The only exception are the high order cummulants methods and spline methods using a completly nonparametric approach. This contribution addresses the possibility to estimate the distributions for Nongaussian Random fields at the example of categorical random fields in a multiple point statistics setting.
The core idea is to discribe possible characteristics of fields by using small training patches, which can be combinded to span a space of possible random field distribution models. The specific combination is selected by a distribution valued parameter, which can be estimated from an a sampled random fields using an estimation procedure based on observation likelihoods.
Similarly to the difficulty in estimating the shape parameter of the Matern variogram there is little power in this procedure to estimate the roughness of boundaries. We will thus introduce a prior preweighting of the patches according to our physical assumptions about the boundaries.
The same procedure allows to measure, how good the high order statistics of final simulation fit to the orignal observations. We will use this to check the conditional simulations for distributional consistency with the conditioning set.
Keywords: MPS; Geostatistical Simulation; Object Simulation; High Order Statistics
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Lecture (Conference)
IAMG 2019 - 20th Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geosciences, 10.-16.08.2019, Pennsylvania, USA
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28809
Predictive Geometallurgy
Gutzmer, J.; Birtel, S.; Büttner, P.; Bachmann, K.; Kern, M.; Frenzel, M.
Abstract
For centuries the German proverb “Vor der Hacke ist es duster” has aptly described the lack of knowledge about ore volumes, grades and beneficiation characteristics during the incremental progress of mining operations. Although much progress has been made constraining ore volumes and grades by following rigorous exploration drilling programs and applying appropriate geostatistical and spatial modelling tools, there still remains considerable technical risk when exploration turns into exploitation. This is illustrated by the observation that ca. 70% of mines perform below the prediction of their feasibility study (Wood, 2018). This underperformance is usually attributed to deficiencies in the collection of tangible geoscientific data needed to design the mine and the minerals processing plant (Wood, 2018).
Geometallurgy is an interdisciplinary approach that aims to connect the data available from geosciences with the information required to predict the performance of technologies used for ore extraction and mineral beneficiation. Tangible resource characteristics – beyond grade and tonnage - are quantified to create a model that links the geology of an ore deposit with the performance achieved during mining, mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. Successful geometallurgical programs may thus be used to mitigate the risk of production planning and plant design. However, the tools of geometallurgy have thus far mostly been used by the mining industry to improve metal recoveries and to monitor process efficiency of mineral processing plants only.
Present research goes beyond these current applications of geometallurgy. Predictive geometallurgical models for complex ore bodies and even anthropogenic raw materials are being developed by interdisciplinary teams including expertise in exploration, resource characterization, minerals processing, geostatistics and spatial modelling. Case studies will be presented in this contribution that illustrate the approach taken. These examples include (1) the recovery of Sn from a historic flotation tailings storage facility; (2) the recovery of PGE as a by-product of chromite exploitation; and (3) the intelligent use of quantitative mineral abundance and mineral association data to predict the prospects of success of sensor-based sorting.
Results obtained in the three case studies illustrate the prospects of increasing resource and energy efficiency in the mining industry. Innovative approaches are of general applicability and can be easily extended to other metals and ore deposit types. The results clearly illustrate the value of conducting comprehensive geometallurgical assessments already during the latter stages of exploration; the initial process of constructing a predictive geometallurgical model will, of course, benefit greatly from regular follow-up during the phase of active exploitation.
Keywords: geometallurgy; geosciences; minerals processing; metallurgy
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
4th GOOD Meeting, 23.-25.01.2019, Bremen, Germany -
Contribution to proceedings
4th GOOD Meeting, 23.-25.01.2019, Bremen, Germany
4th GOOD Meeting Abstract Volume, Bremen
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28808
Corrigendum to “Synchrotron tomographic quantification of the influence of Zn concentration on dendritic growth in Mg-Zn alloys” [Acta Mater. 156 (2018) 287-296]
Phillion, A.; Shuai, S.; Guo, E.; Wang, J.; Jing, T.; Ren, Z.; Neumann-Heyme, H.; Beckermann, C.; Lee, P.
Abstract
In solidification science, the solid-liquid interfacial area density is a key metric that characterizes the overall semi-solid morphology in a general sense. This interfacial area density can be defined in two different ways... [Abstract not available for Corrigenda]
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Acta Materialia 165(2019), 751-752
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.006
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28807
Geometric reconstruction of 3D dendrite evolution from 2D transmission radiography data by a simple phase-field method
Neumann-Heyme, H.
Abstract
For the in-situ observation of dynamical processes radiographic imaging possess significant advantages over tomographic reconstruction in terms of e.g. time resolution and data handling. However, on the other hand essential spatial information is lost in the projected 2D image. The proposed method demonstrates, how in the case of continuously growing, coherent structures such as dendrites their time evolution can be utilized in recovering the 3D morphology. In addition, the reconstruction incorporates some prior knowledge including the smoothness and preferential growth directions of the interface. The capabilities of the method are assessed for different situations based on simulated experiments of dendritic growth. Finally, the reconstruction of evolving dendrites from flat sample synchrotron experiments is shown.
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Lecture (Conference)
55th Annual Technical Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science (SES2018), 10.-12.10.2018, Madrid, Spain
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28806
4D particle tracking velocimetry to analyze bubble-particles collisions and flotation recovery at low Stokes numbers
Sommer, A.-E.; Heitkam, S.; Eckert, K.
Abstract
Froth flotation is a fundamental technique to separate minerals. Hydrophobized target particles attach to the fluidic interface of gas bubbles rising in a suspension. The success of the process depends on both the surface chemistry for the hydrophobization of particles and the hydrodynamics for an encounter between bubble and particle. In the first part of the talk on overview about flotation research and modeling is given.
The second part of the talk is devoted to own research on the hydrodynamics in model cells. To quantify this performance in terms of recovery, the number of target particles at various times in a reference volume is measured. One of the remaining challenges in this field is the flotation of fine particles with a size below 10 µm. Caused by their small inertia, the particles follow the streamlines around the bubble and no collision occurs [1]. This work focuses on the measurement of the collision probability of particles with a small inertia at the bubble surface to advance our understanding of relevant microprocesses and its influence on the flotation recovery. With a 4D particle tracking velocimetry device the particle and bubble trajectories were measured simultaneously with a high temporal (1000 fps) and spatial resolution (0.03 mm/pixels). We developed an algorithm to evaluate the flotation recovery based on the collision and attachment probability [2]. The three-phase flow within a rectangular bubble column consisted of fluorescent polystyrene particles (33 µm, 1.05 g/cm3), a bubble chain (1-7 mm) and deionized water with methanol. The variation of the bubble diameter and methanol concentration led to a change of the fluid flow around the bubble (Re = 100 - 1200) and the particle hydrophobization. The results show the preferred collision of the particles at the rear of the bubble due to a higher acceleration within the vortices in the wake.
[1] Yoon and Luttrell, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 5, 101 (1989).
[2] AE Sommer, M Nikpay, S Heitkam, M Rudolph, K Eckert, Minerals Engineering 124, 116-122 (2018)
Keywords: flotation; particle image velocimetry
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Permsker Wissenschaftliche Lesung, 24.-28.9.2018, Perm, Rusland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28805
Coarsening and refinement phenomena in dendritic solidification
Neumann-Heyme, H.; Eckert, K.; Beckermann, C.
Abstract
Curvature-driven interface motion plays an important role in the formation of the final microstructure during dendritic solidification. Usually, such motion results in a coarser microstructure via coalescence or retraction of dendrite sidebranches \cite{ref1}. Under certain conditions, however, the microstructure can be refined due to curvature-driven pinching events that lead to dendrite fragmentation. Such pinching events are a strong function of the size and shape of the initial dendrite structure \cite{ref2}. In the present study, two- and three-dimensional phase-field simulations are performed to investigate coarsening and refinement phenomena during directional solidification of alloys. The phase-field model is solved using a finite element library that permits adaptive mesh refinement and exhibits wide parallel scalability on supercomputing facilities. A semi-implicit time integration scheme is used to allow for adaptive time stepping, which is important in particular, since curvature-driven interface motion occurs on significantly larger time scales than the initial growth. The present talk will focus on some characteristics of the applied model and physical insights that were obtained.
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Lecture (Conference)
5th GAMM Workshop on Phase-Field Modeling, 08.-09.02.2018, TU Dresden, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28804
Evaluation of Brain Nuclear Medicine Imaging Tracers in a Murine Model of Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy
Szöllősi, D.; Hegedűs, N.; Veres, D. S.; Futó, I.; Horváth, I.; Kovács, N.; Martinecz, B.; Dénes, Á.; Seifert, D.; Bergmann, R.; Lebeda, O.; Varga, Z.; Kaleta, Z.; Szigeti, K.; Máthé, D.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a set of widely used nuclear medicine imaging agents as possible methods to study the early effects of systemic inflammation on the living brain in a mouse model of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine systemic inflammation model was selected as a model of SAE.
Procedures: C57BL/6 mice were used. A multimodal imaging protocol was carried out on each animal 4 h following the intravenous administration of LPS using the following tracers: [99mTc][2,2-dimethyl-3-[(3E)-3-oxidoiminobutan-2-yl]azanidylpropyl]-[(3E)-3-hydroxyiminobutan-2-yl]azanide ([99m
Tc]HMPAO) and ethyl-7-[125I]iodo-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]ben-zodiazepine-3-carboxylate ([125I]iomazenil) to measure brain perfusion and neuronal damage, respectively; 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose ([18F]FDG) to measure cerebral glucose uptake.
We assessed microglia activity on another group of mice using 2-[6-chloro-2-(4-[125I]iodo-phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl]-N-ethyl-N-methyl-acetamide ([125I]CLINME). Radiotracer uptakes were measured in different brain regions and correlated. Microglia activity was also assessed using immunohistochemistry. Brain glutathione levels were measured to investigate oxidative stress.
Results: Significantly reduced perfusion values and significantly enhanced [18F]FDG and [125I]CLINME uptake was measured in the LPS-treated group. Following perfusion compensation, enhanced [125I]iomazenil uptake was measured in the LPS-treated group’s hippocampus and cerebellum. In this group, both [18F]FDG and [125I]iomazenil uptake showed highly negative correlation to perfusion measured with ([99mTc]HMPAO uptake in all brain regions. No significant differences were detected in brain glutathione levels between the groups. The CD45 and P2Y12 double-labeling immunohistochemistry showed widespread microglia activation in the LPS-treated group.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that [125I]CLINME and [99mTc]HMPAO SPECT can be used to detect microglia activation and brain hypoperfusion, respectively, in the early phase (4 h post injection) of systemic inflammation. We suspect that the enhancement of [18F]FDG and [125I]iomazenil uptake in the LPS-treated group does not necessarily reflect neural hypermetabolism and the lack of neuronal damage. They are most likely caused by processes emerging during neuroinflammation, e.g., microglia activation and/or immune cell infiltration.
Keywords: Systemic infection; Neuroinflammation; Microglia activation; LPS; [99mTc]HMPAO; [18F]FDG; [125I]iomazenil; [125I]CLINME; SPECT/CT; PET/MRI
Involved research facilities
- PET-Center
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Molecular Imaging and Biology 20(2018), 952-962
DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1201-3
Cited 23 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28803
Effects of electron beam generated lattice defects on the periodic lattice distortion structure in 1T-TaS2 and 1T-TaSe2 thin layers
Kinyanjui, M. K.; Björkman, T.; Lehnert, T.; Köster, J.; Krasheninnikov, A.; Kaiser, U.
Abstract
We have investigated the influence of electron beam generated defects on the structure of periodic lattice distortions (PLDs) which accompany charge density wave modulations in 1T -TaS2 and 1T -TaSe2 . Lattice defects were generated through irradiation with high-energy electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Using atomically resolved high-resolution TEM imaging, we investigate the PLD structure and the changes in this structure with prolonged exposure to the electron beam. We observe the formation of dislocationlike topological defects in the PLD structure. Prolonged exposure to the electron beam also leads to an increase in density of these defects. This is also accompanied by an increase in structural disorder of the PLD. Density functional theory calculations were also performed in order to understand sulfur (S) and selenium (Se) vacancy defect formation in 1T -TaSe2 and 1T -TaS2 and their effects on the PLD structure. The formation energy of Se/S vacancies was calculated to be lowest for the highly displaced S/Se atoms in the vicinity of PLD maxima. Vacancies formed at the less displaced sites near the PLD minima were found to have lower formation energy. The calculations also showed that an increase in the S/Se vacancies leads to the formation of dislocations and an increase in disorder in the PLD structures. This supports the experimental observations.
Keywords: TEM; 2D materials; first-principles calculations
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28802) publication
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Physical Review B 99(2019), 024101
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.99.024101
Cited 6 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Final Draft PDF 1,9 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28802
Investigation of density variations in molded wood tubes using gamma-ray CT and correlation with load-bearing behavior
Hartig, J. U.; Bieberle, A.; Engmann, C.; Haller, P.
Abstract
It is well known that mechanical properties of wood correlate with the density. Since wood is a naturally grown material, variations in the density distribution still exist in timber elements leading to a non-uniform distribution of mechanical properties. To investigate the density distribution in timber elements at the meter scale non-destructively, the gamma-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner, firstly introduced in 2007 by Hampel et al., has been applied. The CT scanner offers a spatial resolution of about 1-2 mm. Nevertheless, small single structures like cracks or branches can be revealed up to a size of several micrometers.
As object of interest, a molded wooden tube (MWT) [3] with a length of 3 m and a diameter of 0.3 m made of beech (Fagus sylvatica) is used. The MWT is produced in a thermo-hydro-mechanical process incorporating densification and recovery of wood transverse to the grain. Thus, besides naturally grown density variations also variations due to the production process of the MWT occur.
In order to verify the assumption that the mechanical properties correlate with the density, an axial compression test is performed with the MWT previously scanned with CT. The spatial deformations on the surface of the MWT were measured by photogrammetry and digital image correlation (DIC) is applied to determine the strain distribution.
The density and geometry data gathered by CT is also used to create a finite element (FE) model. Based on the density data, the elastic properties of the respective elements are defined. The axial compression test is simulated and the results in terms of the strain distributions are compared to the experimental data determined by DIC.
The results of the investigations showed that computed tomography is highly suitable for the non-destructive determination of the density distribution in structural elements of timber. Thus, besides for research purposes CT scanning might be used also in the future for industrial grading of timber elements.
Keywords: molded wooden tube; gamma-ray CT
Involved research facilities
- TOPFLOW Facility
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Contribution to proceedings
International Conference on Computational Methods in Wood Mechanics - CompWood 2019, 17.-19.06.2019, Växjö, Sweden
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28801
Characterization of continuous wave laser-induced thermal gradients in magnetic tunnel junctions integrated into microresonators via COMSOL simulations
Cansever, H.; Lindner, J.; Huebner, T.; Niesen, A.; Reiss, G.; Fassbender, J.; Deac, A. M.
Abstract
Spin caloritronics still is a vivid field and aims to investigate static and dynamic effects on magnetic structures due to spin-currents generated by thermal gradients [1]. In magnetic tunnel junctions, magnetization dynamics can be induced by bias voltage as well as thermal gradients [2]. In most research, COMSOL simulations are used to estimate the overall temperature of the magnetic tunnel junction as well as the thermal gradient over the insulating barrier [3-5]. Here, we perform COMSOL simulations using the 2D heat transfer module for specific Co2FeAl/MgO(2nm)/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions which are integrated into so-called microresonators [6]. Microresonators have been recently used as alternative approach to investigate the magnetization dynamics of the free-layer within magnetic tunnel junctions, induced by a thermal gradient by means of its ferromagnetic resonance response [6]. Utilizing microresonators for ferromagnetic resonance detection allow for the detection of signals from micron/nano-sized object under laser heating in terms of linewidth and resonance field and thus provide the possibility to detect influences of a thermal gradient on the magnetization dynamics far below the threshold of magnetic switching. The heat diffusion over all layers are modeled by starting with a 2D (vertical) rectangular shape in which we consider the MTJ stack with the MgO-substrate and backside metallization as part of the microresonators shown in Fig 1. Moreover, we consider an air ‘layer’ and the metal-contacts defining the microresonator on top of the MgO-substrate. Upon rotation of this two-dimensional shape around the central vertical z-axis of the MTJ, we obtain a 3D cylinder in which the heat profile is simulated (see Fig 2). The simulation parameters for the materials were chosen similar to those in [3,4]. In the simulation, the fundamental properties of layers i.e. thermal conductivity, heat capacity and material density are used to obtain a temperature profile of the magnetic structure. According to the simulation results, the thermal conductivity of the insulating barrier (MgO) and top metal thicknesses influence the thermal gradient, while uniform heating is strongly affected by the surrounding material of the microresonator which is mainly made from copper (high thermal conductivity). The simulation results provide insight into the heat profile of the whole structure and in particular demonstrate that not only changing the magnetic object itself but also modifying the structure of the surrounding materials yields a handle to tune and optimize the thermal gradient.
Figure 1. 2D sketch of MTJ structure integrated into a microresonator for COMSOL modelling. Heat source, i.e. cw- laser is applied to magnetic layers through the top-metal. The temperature of the bottom of the whole structure is set to 293.15 K.
Figure 2. (a) Temperature profile across the MTJ integrated in a microresonator with the applied power of 145 mW inset (b) 3D cylindrical image of MTJ structure.
[1] Bauer G E W, Saitoh E and van Wees B J 2012 Nat. Mater. 11 391
[2] Jia X, Xia K and Bauer G E W 2011 Phys. Rev. Lett.107 176603
[3] Walter M et al 2011 Nat. Mater. 10 742
[4] Huebner T, Boehnke A, Martens U, Thomas A, Schmalhorst J M, Reiss G, Münzenberg M and Kuschel T 2016 Phys. Rev. B 93 224433
[5] T Huebner et al 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 224006
[6] H Cansever et al 2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 224009
Keywords: COMSOL Simulation; magnetic tunnel junction; microresonator; ferromagnetic resonance
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28800) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
Joint MMM-Intermag Conference 2019 Washington D.C., 14.-18.01.2019, Washington D.C., The United States of America
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28800
New collective mode in superconducting cuprates uncovered by Higgs spectroscopy
Chu, H.; Kim, M.-J.; Katsumi, K.; Kovalev, S.; Dawson, R. D.; Schwarz, L.; Yoshikawa, N.; Kim, G.; Putzky, D.; Li, Z. Z.; Raffy, H.; Germanskiy, S.; Deinert, J.-C.; Awari, N.; Ilyakov, I.; Green, B.; Chen, M.; Bawatna, M.; Christiani, G.; Logvenov, G.; Gallais, Y.; Boris, A. V.; Keimer, B.; Schnyder, A.; Manske, D.; Gensch, M.; Wang, Z.; Shimano, R.; Kaiser, S.
Abstract
The complexity of competing interactions in high-temperature superconductors provides a fertile ground for collective modes of different origins. Their coupling to the superconducting order parameter may give important insight into the microscopic pairing mechanism. One prominent example in cuprates is the magnetic resonant mode, whose experimental observation spawned theoretical investigations of pairing scenarios mediated by antiferromagnetic fluctuations. Now, phase-resolved nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy of the superconducting Higgs mode offers a new way to reveal the coupling between the collective modes and the superconducting order parameter.
Using this technique, we discover a new collective mode distinct from the heavily damped Higgs mode in different families of cuprates. We discuss the origin of this mode and characterize its interplay with the Higgs mode. Our results demonstrate Higgs spectroscopy as a new approach to uncover interactions directly relevant to superconductivity. This technique opens up entirely new avenues for understanding unconventional superconductivity and calls for supporting theoretical work to unlock its full power.
Keywords: Cuprate high-temperature superconductors; Higgs mode; nonlinear THz spectroscopy
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28799) publication
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Contribution to WWW
arXiv:1901.06675: https://arxiv.org/abs/1901.06675
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28799
The new Felsenkeller 5 MV underground accelerator: Status and Program
Bemmerer, D.
Abstract
Experimental nuclear astrophysics aims to study, in the laboratory, the nuclear reactions taking place in stars. However, at the energies relevant to stellar burnings, the relevant cross sections are strongly reduced by the repulsive Coulomb barrier. As a result, ion beam experiments in underground laboratories shielded from cosmic ray effects are needed in order to gain precise data. The Felsenkeller 5 MV accelerator, below 45 m rock in Dresden, is the first such accelerator on the MV scale in Europe. The laboratory was jointly built by HZDR and TU Dresden and opened in 2018. Both an internal and an external ion source have already been tested successfully underground. The accelerator itself is under commissioning, as well as a high-sensitivity radioactivity counting setup by TU Dresden. The talk will summarise the science case and the status for the new laboratory.
Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Institutsseminar (Kolloquium), 24.01.2019, Dresden, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28797
Felsenkeller 5 MV underground ion accelerator status December 2018
Bemmerer, D.
Abstract
I review the status of the Felsenkeller 5 MV underground accelerator in view of the CELLAR network of underground labs.
Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics; Low-Level Radioactivity Measurements
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Lecture (Conference)
CELLAR / JEILORA Meeting, 05.-07.12.2018, Monaco, Monaco
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28796
Nuclear Astrophysics: Nucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution Studies
Bemmerer, D.
Abstract
I review Nuclear Astrophysics: Nucleosynthesis and Chemical Evolution Studies.
Keywords: Nuclear Astrophysics
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Astroparticle Physics in Germany: Status and Perspectives, 19.09.2018, Mainz, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28795
Felsenkeller 5 MV underground accelerator at the 5th International Solar Neutrino Conference
Bemmerer, D.
Abstract
I review the status of the 5 MV underground accelerator at Felsenkeller, Dresden/Germany.
Keywords: Underground physics; Nuclear Astrophysics
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
5th International Solar Neutrino Conference, 13.06.2018, Dresden, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28794
Felsenkeller 5 MV underground ion accelerator for nuclear astrophysics
Bemmerer, D.; Cowan, T. E.; Grieger, M.; Hensel, T.; Junghans, A. R.; Koppitz, M.; Ludwig, F.; Rimarzig, B.; Reinicke, S.; Schwengner, R.; Stöckel, K.; Szücs, T.; Takács, M. P.; Turkat, S.; Wagner, A.; Zuber, K.
Abstract
A 5 MV Pelletron accelerator with both an internal and an external ion source providing for intensive 1H+, 4He+, and 12C+ beams is being installed in the Felsenkeller underground site in Dresden, shielded from cosmic rays by 45 m rock overburden. Civil construction has recently been completed. The technical features of the new laboratory, test results, and the scientific program will be summarized. In addition to in-house research by HZDR and TU Dresden, the new accelerator will be open for outside users, both from Germany and worldwide.
Keywords: Nuclear astrophysics; Felsenkeller
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Lecture (Conference)
Frühjahrstagung Hadronen und Kerne, 26.02.2018, Bochum, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28793
Laser pulse-length effects in trident pair production
Hernandez Acosta, U.; Kämpfer, B.
Abstract
Laser pulses facilitate multiphoton contributions to the trident pair production e_L^- \to e_L^- + e_L^+ + e_L^-, where the label L indicates a laser field dressed electron (e^-) or positron (e^+ ). We isolate the impact of the pulse envelope in the trident S matrix element, formulated within the Furry picture, in leading order of a series expansion in the classical non-linearity parameter a_0. Generally, the Fourier transform of the envelope carries the information on the pulse length, which becomes an easily tractable function in the case of a cos^2 pulse envelope. The transition to a monochromatic laser wave can be handled in a transparent manner, as also the onset of multiphoton effects for short pulses can be factorized out and studied separately.
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Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion 61(2019)8, 084011
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/ab2b1e
Cited 17 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28792
Improved astrophysical rate for the 18O(p,α)15N reaction by underground measurements
Bruno, C. G.; Aliotta, M.; Descouvemont, P.; Best, A.; Davinson, T.; Bemmerer, D.; Boeltzig, A.; Broggini, C.; Caciolli, A.; Cavanna, F.; Chillery, T.; Ciani, G. F.; Corvisiero, P.; Depalo, R.; Di Leva, A.; Elekes, Z.; Ferraro, F.; Formicola, A.; Fülöp, Z.; Gervino, G.; Guglielmetti, A.; Gustavino, C.; Gyürky, G.; Imbriani, G.; Junker, M.; Lugaro, M.; Marigo, P.; Menegazzo, R.; Mossa, V.; Pantaleo, F. R.; Piatti, D.; Prati, P.; Stöckel, K.; Straniero, O.; Strieder, F.; Szücs, T.; Takács, M. P.; Trezzi, D.
Abstract
The 18O(p,α)15N reaction affects the synthesis of 15N, 18O and 19F isotopes, whose abundances can be used to probe the nucleosynthesis and mixing processes occurring deep inside asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. We performed a low-background direct measurement of the 18O(p,α)15N reaction cross-section at the Laboratory for Underground Nuclear Astrophysics (LUNA) from center of mass energy E_CM= 340 keV down to E_CM = 55 keV, the lowest energy measured to date corresponding to a cross-section of less than 1 picobarn/sr. The strength of a key resonance at center of mass energy E_r = 90 keV was found to be a factor of 10 higher than previously reported. A multi-channel R-matrix analysis of our and other data available in the literature was performed. Over a wide temperature range, T=0.01-1.00 GK, our new astrophysical rate is both more accurate and precise than recent evaluations. Stronger constraints can now be placed on the physical processes controlling nucleosynthesis in AGB stars with interesting consequences on the abundance of 18O in these stars and in stardust grains, specifically on the production sites of oxygen-rich Group II grains.
Keywords: Stellar hydrogen burningHydrostatic stellar nucleosynthesis
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Physics Letters B 790(2019), 237-242
DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.017
Cited 23 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28791
Hyperspectral Feature Extraction Using Sparse and Smooth Low-Rank Analysis
Rasti, B.; Ghamisi, P.; Ulfarsson, M. O.
Abstract
In this paper, we develop a hyperspectral feature extraction method called sparse and smooth low-rank analysis (SSLRA). First, we propose a new low-rank model for hyperspectral images (HSIs) where we decompose the HSI into smooth and sparse components. Then, these components are simultaneously estimated using a nonconvex constrained penalized cost function (CPCF). The proposed CPCF exploits total variation penalty, ℓ1 penalty, and an orthogonality constraint. The total variation penalty is used to promote piecewise smoothness, and, therefore, it extracts spatial (local neighborhood) information. The ℓ1 penalty encourages sparse and spatial structures. Additionally, we show that this new type of decomposition improves the classification of the HSIs. In the experiments, SSLRA was applied on the Houston (urban) and the Trento (rural) datasets. The extracted features were used as an input into a classifier (either support vector machines (SVM) or random forest (RF)) to produce the final classification map. The results confirm improvement in classification accuracy compared to the state-of-the-art feature extraction approaches.
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Remote Sensing 11(2019)2, 121
DOI: 10.3390/rs11020121
Cited 18 times in Scopus
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Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28790
Gamma-Durchstrahlungsverfahren zur Prozessanalyse und Fehlersuche in Rohrleitungen, Behältern und Kolonnen
Jentsch, T.; Joonha, J.; Thereska, J.; Brisset, P.; Verhasselt, S.
Abstract
Ein optimaler und auslegungskonformer Betrieb ist das Ziel eines jeden Anlagenbe-treibers. Unregelmäßigkeiten sollten möglichst ohne Betriebsunterbrechung detek-tiert und lokalisiert werden können.
Die Einflüsse auf die Betriebsweise von Rohrleitungen und Chemieanlagen sind sehr vielfältig. Ablagerungen in Rohrleitungen führen beispielsweise zu erhöhten Druckverlusten oder gar zu Durchsatzeinbußen; Ablagerungen in Behältern zum Verlust wertvollen Lagervolumens.
Ursachen für das Fehlverhalten von Kolonnen sind häufig Beschädigungen von Einbauten, die bei Packungs- oder Füllkörperkolonnen zu einer ungleichmäßigen Fluidverteilung über den Kolonnenquerschnitt führen können. Typische Probleme von Bodenkolonnen sind das Fluten einzelner Böden, das Mitreißen von Flüssig-keit, das Schäumen oder das Durchregnen.
Mit Hilfe von Gamma-Durchstrahlungsverfahren, die auf der Schwächung der von einer umschlossenen Quelle emittierten ionisierenden Strahlung basieren, sind in der Lage, die beschriebenen Fehler zu detektieren und zu lokalisieren.
Im Beitrag werden nach einer kurzen Erläuterung der physikalischen Grundlagen und des Messprinzips an Hand von Praxisbeispielen die verschiedenen Anwen-dungsmöglichkeiten und Grenzen des Gamma-Durchstrahlungsverfahrens vorge-stellt.
Keywords: Gamma-Durchstrahlungsverfahren; Prozessanalyse; chemische Industrie; Kolonnen; zerstörungsfreie Prüfung; Gamma column scanning; trouble shooting
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
18. Seminar „Aktuelle Fragen der Durchstrahlungsprüfung und des Strahlenschutzes“, 28.02.2019, Kassel, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28789
LiDAR Data Classification Using Spatial Transformation and CNN
He, X.; Wang, A.; Ghamisi, P.; Li, G.; Chen, Y.
Abstract
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a useful data acquisition technique, which is widely used in a variety of practical applications. The classification of LiDAR-derived rasterized digital surface model (LiDAR-DSM) is a fundamental technique in LiDAR data processing. In recent years, deep learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have shown their capability in remote sensing areas, including LiDAR data processing. Traditional deep models empirically use a fixed neighborhood system as input to the network. Therefore, the weight and height of the input rectangle may not be optimal. In order to modify such handcrafted setting, a spatial transformation network is used here to identify optimal inputs. The transformed inputs are fed into a well-designed CNN to obtain the final classification results. Furthermore, morphological profiles are combined with spatial transformation CNN to further improve the classification accuracy. The proposed frameworks are tested on two LiDAR-DSMs (i.e., the Recology and Houston data sets). The experimental results show that the proposed models provide competitive results compared to the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the proposed optimal input identification approach can also be found beneficial for other remote sensing applications.
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IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 16(2019)1, 125-129
DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2018.2868378
Cited 23 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28788
The IR-truncated PT-symmetric V = ix3 model and its asymptotic spectral scaling graph
Abstract
The PT-symmetric V = ix3 model over the real line is infra-red (IR) truncated and considered as Sturm-Liouville problem over a finite interval. Structures hidden in the Airy function setup of the V = ix3 model are combined with WKB techniques developed by Bender and Jones in 2012 for the derivation of the real part of the spectrum of theV = ix3 model. Via WKB and Stokes graph analysis, the location of the complex spectral branches of the ix3 model as well as those of more general V = -(ix)2n+1 models over finite intervals are obtained. Splitting the related action functions into purely real scale factors and scale invariant integrals allows to extract underlying asymptotic spectral scaling graphs. These (structurally very simple) scaling graphs are geometrically invariant and cutoff-independent so that the IR limit can be formally taken. Moreover an increasing length scale can be associated with a spectral UV-IR renormalization group flow on this scaling graph. It is shown that the eigenvalues of the IR-complete V = ix3 model can be bijectively mapped onto a finite segment of the scaling graph asymptotically approaching a (scale invariant) PT phase transition region. In this way, a simple heuristic picture and complementary explanation for the unboundedness of projector norms and C-operator for the ix3 model are provided and the lack of quasi-Hermiticity of the ix3 Hamiltonian over the real line appears physically plausible. Possible directions of further research are briefly sketched.
Keywords: PT Quantum Mechanics; PT phase transition; spectral branch points; exceptional points; ix3 model; WKB techniques; IR truncation; IR completion; asymptotic spectral scaling graphs; spectral UV-IR renormalization group flow
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Discrete-18, organized by CERN and the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 26.-30.11.2018, Wien, Österreich
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28787
The IR-truncated PT-symmetric V = ix3 model and its asymptotic spectral scaling graph
Abstract
The PT-symmetric quantum mechanical V = ix3 model over the real line is infra-red (IR) truncated and considered as Sturm-Liouville problem over a finite interval of the real line. Via WKB and Stokes graph analysis, the location of the complex spectral branches of the V = ix3 model as well as those of more general V = -(ix)2n+1 models over finite intervals are obtained. Underlying asymptotic spectral scaling graphs are extracted which are scale-invariant so that the IR completion can be performed. Implications for the V = ix3 model over the full real line are discussed.
Keywords: PT Quantum Mechanics; PT phase transition; spectral branch points; exceptional points; ix3 model; WKB techniques; IR truncation; asymptotic spectral scaling graphs
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Analytic and algebraic methods in physics XV, 10.-13.09.2018, Prague, Czech Republic
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28786
The IR-truncated PT-symmetric V=ix3 model and its asymptotic spectral scaling graph
Abstract
The PT-symmetric V=ix3 model over the real line is IR truncated and considered as Sturm-Liouville problem over a finite interval. Combining structures hidden in the Airy function setup of the V=ix model with WKB techniques developed by Bender and Jones in 2012 for the derivation of the real part of the spectrum of the ix3 model, a WKB and Stokes graph analysis for the complex spectral branches of the ix3 model as well as those of more general V=-(ix)2n+1 models over finite intervals is performed. Complementary insights into the spectra of these models are obtained by splitting the spectral branch-structure into purely real scale factors and asymptotic spectral scaling graphs. It turns out that the corresponding (structurally very simple) scaling graphs are geometrically invariant and cutoff-independent so that the infra-red (IR) limit can be formally taken. These graphs have invariantly existing PT phase transition regions. In this way, a simple heuristic picture and complementary explanation for the unboundedness of the C-operator and the lack of quasi-Hermiticity of the ix3 Hamiltonian over the real line is provided.
Keywords: PT-symmetric Quantum Mechanics; PT phase transition; spectral branch points; exceptional points; ix3 model; WKB techniques; IR truncation; C-operator; unboundedness; quasi-Hermiticity
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics (PHHQP) XVIII, 04.-13.06.2018, Bangalore, India
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28785
Curing processes in ultra low-k materials by positron annihilation spectroscopy
Liedke, M. O.; Köhler, N.; Butterling, M.; Hirschmann, E.; Attallah, A. G.; Krause-Rehberg, R.; Schulz, S. E.; Wagner, A.
Abstract
The first results on in-situ investigations of pore formation in ultra low-k dielectrics during a curing process, i.e., a porogen removal by vacuum annealing will be presented. The main focus is to obtain insight into initial stages of pore networks formation up to their full development. The in-situ annealing and Doppler broadening positron annihilation spectroscopy measurements have been conducted on our Apparatus for In-situ Defect Analysis (AIDA) - the end-station of a slow positrons beamline at HZDR. In addition, positron lifetime spectroscopy has been utilized, where mono-energetic pulsed positron beam (MePS) serves as a probe to evaluate pore sizes, their concentration and distribution as a function of curing temperature and time. The MePS facility has partly been funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) with the grant PosiAnalyse (05K2013). The AIDA system was funded by the Impulse- und Networking fund of the Helmholtz-Association (FKZ VH-VI-442 Memriox) and through the Helmholtz Energy Materials Characterization Platform (03ET7015)
Keywords: positron; low-k; curing; AIDA; defects; pores
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28784) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
DPG Frühjahrstagung Berlin, 11.03.2018, Berlin, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28784
Vacancy-mediated magnetic phase-transitions
Liedke, M. O.; Butterling, M.; Quintana, A.; Menéndez, E.; Ehrler, J.; Bali, R.; Hirschmann, E.; Sireus, V.; Nogués, J.; Sort, J.; Wagner, A.
Abstract
Two thin film systems exhibiting vacancy mediated magnetic phase transitions will be discussed in detail, i.e., Co3O4 and Fe60Al40.
In applications, substituting electric currents, which are nowadays used to operate spintronic devices, with electric fields, would result in a reduction of both the energy consumption and cost [1]. Co3O4 is a candidate for a tunable, non-volatile energy-efficient functional material whose magnetic properties can be controlled by electric voltage. In our current investigations the as-grown Co3O4 films consist of a paramagnetic (PM) phase only, which is transformed to a ferromagnetic (FM) state by electrolyte-gated and defect-mediated O and Co transport. A negative voltage reduces Co3O4 to Co (FM: ON), resulting in a phase separated material with Co- and O-rich regions. Applying a positive bias, the process is reversed oxidizing Co back to Co3O4 (PM: OFF). We will show that atoms migration is driven by rather complex vacancy states and a clear increase of the grain boundaries volume after negative biasing assists to O transport. Moreover, concomitantly with the PM phase transition due to the positive biasing the structural defects picture reverses to a large extent as well, which manifests as reduction in volume of both vacancy clusters and grain boundaries.
B2-Fe60Al40 phase is paramagnetic, and strong ferromagnetism can be induced via disordering to the A2-Fe60Al40 phase [2]. Disordering implies the formation of anti-site defects [3], which correlates with an increased Fe coordination. The concentration and size of open volume defects can play an important role in reordering kinetics. Three different initial order states have been investigated: (i) as-grown, partially disordered Fe60Al40, (ii) the as-grown films after Ne+ irradiation, and (iii) Ne-irradiated B2-Fe60Al40. Since, reordering directly affects magnetization saturation; the extent of the diffusion process can be traced via magnetometry at slightly elevated temperature of 400 K. We show that immobile large vacancy clusters with a high thermal activation barrier are dominant in the as-grown film and hinder ordering. Ion irradiation breaks down these pinning sites, thereby strongly accelerating thermal diffusion and reordering. These results provide insights into thermal reordering processes in binary alloys, and the consequent effect on magnetic properties. Doppler broadening and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy have been used as a probe for both electric field driven ionic transport of Co and O via different type of defects in Co3O4 systems as well as vacancy-mediated ordering in Fe60Al40.
[1] Y. Shiota, et al. Nature Mater. 11, 39 (2012). [2] M.O. Liedke, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 117, 163908 (2015).
[3] R. Bali, et al., Nano Lett. 14, 435 (2014).
Keywords: magnetism; positron; ion; irradiation; phase transitions; defects; electrical fields
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28783) publication
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28783) publication
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
18th International Conference on Positron Annihilation (ICPA-18), 19.08.2018, Orlando, USA
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28783
Magnetic ordering and open volume defects – phase transitions in ion irradiated Fe60Al40 thin films
Liedke, M. O.; Ehrler, J.; Bali, R.; Butterling, M.; Hirschmann, E.; Wagner, A.
Abstract
Fe60Al40 exhibit the so-called disorder induced ferromagnetism, where anti-site disorder (ASD) promotes ferromagnetic A2-phase (disordered) over paramagnetic B2-phase (ordered). Both phases can be - in a controllable fashion - driven by ion irradiation or annealing, respectively. The main physical origin correlates strongly with ASD [R. Bali, et al., Nano Lett. 14, 435 (2014)]. Nevertheless, the concentration and size of open volume defects can be of crucial importance in determining the kinetics of the reordering processes. To unravel the influence of vacancy clusters, three different initial order states have been investigated: (i) as-sputtered, (ii) as-grown irradiated with Ne+ and (iii) B2 ordered films, obtained via 773 K annealing and Ne-irradiated. Open volume defects in the treated samples were investigated with Doppler broadening and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Furthermore, since the reordering directly affects Ms, the extent of the diffusion process can be traced via magnetometry at slightly elevated temperature of 400 K. We show that immobile large vacancy clusters are dominant in the as-grown films; these complexes present only in the as-sputtered film possess a high thermal activation barrier and hinder ordering. Ion irradiation breaks down these pinning defects strongly accelerating thermal diffusion and reordering. These results provide insights into thermal reordering processes in binary alloys, and the consequent effect on magnetic behavior.
Keywords: magnetism; positron; ordering; ion; irradiation; phase transition; defects
Involved research facilities
- Radiation Source ELBE DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-2-58 is cited by this (Id 28782) publication
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28782) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
9th Joint European Magnetic Symposia (JEMS-9), 03.09.2018, Mainz, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28782
On the use of stacks of fission-like targets for neutron capture experiments
Guerrero, C.; Lerendegui-Marco, J.; Eberhardt, K.; Düllmann, C. E.; Junghans, A.; Lommel, B.; Mokry, C.; Quesada, J. M.; Runke, J.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; The N_Tof Collaboration
Abstract
The measurement of neutron induced reactions on unstable isotopes is of interest in many fields, from nuclear energy to astrophysics or applications; in particular transuranic isotopes are essential for the development of innovative nuclear reactors and for the management of the radioactive waste. In such measurements, the quality of the associated radioactive target is crucial for the success of the experiment, but in many cases the geometry, amount of mass and encapsulation of the target are not optimal, leading to limited results. In this work we propose to produce high quality radioactive targets for capture as a stack of thin targets using the techniques usually employed for fission measurements. In particular, we have succeeded in making a 242Pu target of nearly 100 mg by combining seven thin (~1 mg/cm2) fission-like targets with 45 mm in diameter achieving a total backing thickness of only 70 m of aluminum. The target has been shown to perform successfully in experiments at both a neutron time-of-flight facility (n_TOF at CERN) and a thermal neutron beam (BRR at KFKI), providing the most accurate data from thermal up to 250 keV to date.
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 925(2019), 87-91
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2019.01.063
Cited 2 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28781
Dual-Energy CT for more accurate stopping power prediction & Importance of range verification
Richter, C.
Abstract
Direct dual-energy CT based stopping power prediction (DirectSPR) allows the reduction of the currently clinical used range uncertainty. The clinical benefits of DirectSPR, its extensive validation and implementation will be presented together with a quantification of the range reduction potential. Furthermore, steps towards in-man validation of the SPR prediction with the IBA Prompt-Gamma-Imaging slit camera will be highlighted.
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
IBA Proteus User Meeting 2019, 01.-03.02.2019, Miami, USA
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28780
Strahlenschutzaspekte bei der Errichtung und Inbetriebnahme des kanadischen Zyklotrons TR-FLEX im Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
Preusche, S.; Naumann, B.; Kaspari, W.
Involved research facilities
- PET-Center
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Strahlenschutz in Medizin, Forschung und Industrie, 11.-12.12.2018, Aschaffenburg, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28779
Entwicklung von hochaffinen 18F-markierten Radiotracern zur molekularen Bildgebung des Adenosin-A2A-Rezeptors mittels Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie
Lai, T. H.; Schröder, S.; Moldovan, R.-P.; Ludwig, F.-A.; Fischer, S.; Dukic-Stefanovic, S.; Deuther Conrad, W.; Steinbach, J.; Brust, P.
Abstract
Ziel: Die Bildgebung des Adenosin-A2A-Rezeptors mittels PET gilt hinsichtlich der Frühdiagnostik neurodegenerativer und neuroonkologischer Erkrankungen als vielversprechend. Für die Entwicklung neuer 18F-Tracer basierend auf einer Pyrazolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-Leitverbindung [1] wurden 21 fluorierte Derivate synthetisiert. Aufgrund der Affinitätswerte wurden die 2- bzw. 4-Fluorbenzylderivate 1 (Ki(hA2A) = 5,3 nM; Ki(hA1) = 220 nM) und 2 (Ki(hA2A) = 2,1 nM; Ki(hA1) = 147 nM) als potentielle A2A-Radiotracer ausgewählt.
Methodik: Für die Radiosynthese von [18F]1 wurden drei verschiedene Markierungsstrategien entwickelt. Strategien A und B erfolgten über 2 bzw. 4 Stufen unter Verwendung von [18F]Fluorbenzaldehyd. Dieser wurde für die reduktive Aminierung (A) bzw. nach Reduktion und Bromierung für die finale Benzylierung (B) verwendet. Strategie C basiert auf einer einstufigen 18F Markierung eines Boronsäurepinacol-Präkursors mit [18F]TBAF in Gegenwart von Cu(OTf)2(py)4 in DMA/n-BuOH und wurde sowohl für die Radiosynthese von [18F]1 als auch [18F]2 angewendet. Die In vitro-Evaluierung erfolgte mittels Autoradiographie in Hirnschnitten von der Maus.
Ergebnisse: Die mehrstufigen Markierungsverfahren A und B ergaben radiochemische Ausbeuten von lediglich 1,4 bzw. 10% [18F]1 (nicht isoliert). Mittels der einstufigen Strategie C konnten [18F]1 und [18F]2 mit einer RCA von 51+6 bzw. 8+1% (EOB), einer AM von 135+64 bzw. 132 GBq/μmol (EOS) und einer RCR >98% erhalten werden. In-vitro-Autoradiographiestudien zeigten nur für [18F]2 eine spezifische Bindung im Striatum, die mit A2A- Liganden blockierbar war.
Schlussfolgerung: Es wurde eine effiziente einstufige 18F-Markierung von zwei neuen hochaffinen A2A-Radiotracern etabliert. In ersten In-vitro-Studien erwies sich [18F]2 für die bildgebende Darstellung des Adenosin-A2A-Rezeptores als geeignet. Gegenstand aktueller Arbeiten sind weitere In-vitro- und In-vivo-Untersuchungen.
Literatur: [1] Gillespie et al., Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008, 18, 2924-2929.
Keywords: Adenison; A2A; Radiotracer; 18F; PET
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Lecture (Conference)
Nuklearmedizin 2019 - 57. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Nuklearmedizin, 03.-06.04.2019, Bremen, Deutschland
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1683493
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28778
Detection of Extraterrestrial ⁶⁰Fe in Antarctica with AMS
Koll, D.; Faestermann, T.; Korschinek, G.; Merchel, S.; Welch, J. M.; Kipfstuhl, S.
Abstract
The long-lived radioactive isotope ⁶⁰Fe with a half-life of 2.6 Myr is mainly produced by stellar nucleosynthesis and ejected into space by core-collapse supernovae. Former investigations by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) showed a supernova signal on Earth 1.7-3.2 Myr ago.
Considering an enrichment of the solar neighborhood in long-lived radionuclides by previous supernovae, deposition of ⁶⁰Fe on Earth could be currently ongoing. To investigate this case, 500 kg of Antarctic snow were analyzed by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry with the 14 MV tandem accelerator and the Gas-filled Analyzing Magnet System (GAMS) at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratorium in Garching, Germany.
Indeed, ⁶⁰Fe was discovered in Antarctic snow and by the measurement of ⁵³Mn, which is dominantly produced by cosmic ray interactions with solar system objects, the origin of these ⁶⁰Fe atoms could be deduced.
Keywords: AMS; supernovae
Involved research facilities
- Ion Beam Center DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159
Related publications
- DOI: 10.17815/jlsrf-3-159 is cited by this (Id 28777) publication
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Lecture (Conference)
83. Jahrestagung der DPG und DPG-Frühjahrstagung der Sektion Atome, Moleküle, Quantenoptik und Plasmen (SAMOP) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Massenspektrometrie DGMS 2019, 10.-15.03.2019, Rostock, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28777
Universal Limits of Thermopower and Figure of Merit from Transport Energy Statistics
Abstract
The search for new thermoelectric materials aims at improving their power and efficiency, as expressed by thermopower S and figure of merit ZT.
By considering a very general transport spectral function w(ε), expressions for the S and ZT can be derived, which contain the statistical weights of an effective distribution function only, see Ref. [1]. The assumption of a Lorentzian shape with width kBT resulting from the electron-phonon coupling allows to estimate an upper limit of S and ZT regardless the microscopic mechanisms of the transport process.
The limit of |S| is given by 1.88 in units of kB/e, which is about 160 μV/K, and the limit for ZT is about 1.11 (red dots in the figure).
The work was partially supported by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the German Helmholtz Association, International Helmholtz Research School NanoNet (VH-KO-606), the Helmholtz Exzellenznetzwerk cfaed (ExNet-0026), and the DFG Priority Program 'Nanostructured Thermoelectrics' (ZA264/3-2). We thank S. Gemming for helpful discussions.
Keywords: Thermoelectrics; Thermopower; Figure of Merit; universal limit; transport spectral function
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Poster
667. WE-Heraeus-Seminar 'System-oriented approach to thermoelectrics: Materials – Interfaces – Devices', 08.-11.04.2018, Bad Honnef, Deutschland -
Invited lecture (Conferences) (Online presentation)
Understanding Transport Processes on the Nanoscale for Energy Harvesting Devices - 719. WE-Heraeus-Seminar, 08.-09.03.2021, Bad Honnef, Deutschland -
Contribution to WWW
arXiv:1804.02774 [cond-mat.mtrl-sci]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02774v1
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28776
Burning in the Tail: Implications for a Burst Oscillation Model
Chambers, F.; Watts, A.; Keek, L.; Cavecchi, Y.; Garcia Gonzalez, F.
Abstract
Accreting neutron stars (NSs) can exhibit high-frequency modulations, known as burst oscillations, in their light curves during thermonuclear X-ray bursts. Their frequencies can be offset from the spin frequency of the NS (known independently) by several Hz, and can drift by 1-3 Hz. One plausible explanation for this phenomenon is that a wave is present in the bursting ocean that decreases in frequency (in the rotating frame) as the burst cools. The strongest candidate is the buoyant r-mode; however, models for the burning ocean background used in previous studies over-predict frequency drifts by several Hz. Using new background models (which include shallow heating, and burning in the tail of the burst) the evolution of the buoyant r-mode is calculated. The resulting frequency drifts are smaller, in line with observations. This illustrates the importance of accounting for the detailed nuclear physics in these bursts.
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Astrophysical Journal 871(2019)1, 61
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf501
Cited 10 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28775
Experiments and Simulations of the Magnetized Spherical Couette Problem
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
The magnetized spherical Couette system models experiments that are being carried out at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). A liquid metal is confined within two differentially rotating spheres and immersed in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. Preliminary simulations of periodic and quasiperiodic flows, arising at the first bifurcations, will be presented. The aim is to study in detail the instabilities observed in the experiments and previous numerical studies. This study will reveal how the flow patterns depend on control parameters, reproducing thus different physical situations of the HZDR experiments.
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Poster
Fifty years after Roberts' MHD: Dynamos and planetary flows today, 16.-17.11.2017, London, United Kingdom
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28774
Experiments and Simulations of the Magnetized Spherical Couette Problem
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
The magnetized spherical Couette system models experiments that are being carried out at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). A liquid metal is confined within two differentially rotating spheres and immersed in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. Preliminary simulations of periodic and quasiperiodic flows, arising at the first bifurcations, will be presented. The aim is to study in detail the instabilities observed in the experiments and previous numerical studies. This study will reveal how the flow patterns depend on control parameters, reproducing thus different physical situations of the HZDR experiments.
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Poster
GDRI Dynamo meeting 2017, 27.-29.11.2017, Paris, France
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28773
New axisymmetric helical magnetorotational instability in dissipative rotating flows with positive shear
Mamatsashvili, G.; Stefani, F.; Hollerbach, R.; Rüdiger, G.
Abstract
We present a new type of axisymmetric magnetorotational instability which is capable of destabilizing viscous and resistive magnetized flows with radially increasing angular velocity. Using short-wavelength WKB approach, supported by 1D linear stability calculations in Taylor-Couette flow, we show that this instability works only when a combination of axial and azimuthal magnetic fields is applied and when the magnetic Prandtl number is different from one. It might have grave consequences for the stability of the equator-near parts of the solar tachocline, and for the dynamo action in this region
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Lecture (Conference)
MHD Days and GdRI Dynamo Meeting, 26.-28.11.2018, Dresden, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28772
Experiments and Simulations of the Magnetized Spherical Couette Problem
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
The magnetized spherical Couette system models experiments that are being carried out at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). A liquid metal is confined within two differentially rotating spheres and immersed in a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. Preliminary simulations of periodic and quasiperiodic flows, arising at the first bifurcations, will be presented. The aim is to study in detail the instabilities observed in the experiments and previous numerical studies. This study will reveal how the flow patterns depend on control parameters, reproducing thus different physical situations of the HZDR experiments.
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Poster
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Network Meeting 2018, 19.-21.02.2018, Potsdam, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28771
A Tayler-Spruit type model of a tidally synchronized solar dynamo
Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weber, N.; Weier, T.
Abstract
We consider a solar dynamo model of Tayler-Spruit type whose Omega-effect is conventionally produced by a solar-like differential rotation but whose alpha-effect is assumed to be periodically modulated by planetary tidal forcing. This resonance-like effect relies on the tendency of the current-driven Tayler instability to produce intrinsic helicity oscillations which can be synchronized by periodic tidal perturbations. Specifically, we focus on the 11.07 years alignment periodicity of the tidally dominant planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter, whose empirical synchronization with the solar dynamo is illustrated. The typically emerging dynamo modes are dipolar fields, oscillating with a 22.14 years period or pulsating with a 11.07 years period, but also quadrupolar fields with corresponding periodicities. In the absence of any constant part of alpha, we prove the subcritical nature of this periodic Tayler-Spruit type dynamo. Phase coherent transitions between dipoles and quadrupoles, which are reminiscent of the observed behaviour during the Maunder minimum, can be easily triggered by long-term variations of dynamo parameters. Further interesting features of the model are the typical second intensity peak and the intermittent appearance of reversed helicities in both hemispheres
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Poster
MHD Days and GdRI Dynamo Meeting, 26.-28.11.2018, Dresden, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28770
Rotating Waves in Spherical Geometry: Thermal Convection in Thin Rotating Shells and the Magnetized Spherical Couette System
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Sánchez, J.; Net, M.; Chambers, F.; Watts, A.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
Fluid dynamics plays an important role in many geophysical and astrophysical objects such as planets and stars. For instance, convection can occur in neutron stars' oceans formed by very thin layers of helium or hydrogen, which are subject to the influence of strong temperature gradients and rotation. In addition, instabilities observed in differentially rotating flows in the presence of a magnetic field (magnetized spherical Couette flows) were attributed to the magnetorotational instability (MRI), which is presently considered the most promising candidate to explain the transport mechanism of angular momentum in accretion disks around black holes and protostars. In this study, bifurcation diagrams of the first instabilities occurring in the two mentioned set-ups will be presented. They were obtained by means of continuation techniques. The arising flow patterns will be described. In both cases, pseudo-spectral high order methods as well as high order time integration methods are used for the time evolution of the Navier-Stokes equations.
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Lecture (Conference)
International Conference on Spectral and High-Order Methods ICOSAHOM'18., 09.-13.07.2018, London, United Kingdom
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28769
The DRESDYN project: Liquid metal experiments on dynamo action and magnetorotational instability
Stefani, F.
Abstract
The dynamo effect in moving electrically conducting fluids is at the root of magnetic field generation in planets and stars. Yet, cosmic magnetic fields play also an active role in the formation of central objects, such as protostars and black holes, by destabilizing accretion disks that would be hydrodynamically stable. While often studied separately, dynamo action and magnetically triggered instabilities may also occur together in such highly non-linear processes as the MRI dynamo or the Tayler-Spruit dynamo.
The DRESDYN project at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR) serves as a platform for continuing the liquid metal experiments of the last two decades which were related to dynamo action and magnetically triggered flow instabilities. After a short survey of the dynamo experiments in Riga, Karlsruhe and Cadarache, and the various MRI experiments at the PROMISE facility at HZDR, I discuss the preparatory status of a large-scale precession experiment and a Taylor-Couette experiment for investigating various forms of the MRI and their combinations with the Tayler instability. Special focus will be laid on the numerical predictions of both experiments, as well as on some recent findings concerning the relation of non-modal growth in rotating flows with dissipation-induced instabilities, such as helical and azimuthal MRI for negative and positive shear.
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Waves, Turbulence, and Large-scale Structures in Rotating Magnetic Fluids: Above & Beyond Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, 10.-14.09.2018, Boulder, USA
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28768
A tidally synchronized Tayler-Spruid type model of the solar dynamo
Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weber, N.; Weier, T.
Abstract
We present a solar dynamo model of the Tayler-Spruit type whose Omega-effect is produced, as usual, by differential rotation but whose alpha-effect is assumed as being periodically modulated by planetary tidal forcing. This resonance-like effect has its rationale in the tendency of the current-driven Tayler instability to undergo intrinsic helicity oscillations which can be synchronized by periodic tidal perturbations. Specifically, we focus on the 11.07 years periodicity of the alignment of the tidally dominant planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. In the framework of a simple one-dimensional numerical model we prove the subcritical character of this Tayler-Spruit type dynamo. The typical dynamo modes are dipole fields, oscillating with a 22.14 year period, but also quadrupole fields pulsating with an 11.07 years period. Transitions between these field topologies are reminiscent of the observed behavior during the Maunder minimum. Further interesting features of the model are the emergence of mid-term fluctuations, and the intermittent appearance of reversed helicities in both hemispheres. With minor model modifications, the correct direction of the butterfly diagram comes out as a robust feature, too.
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Lecture (Conference)
Third Russian Conference on Magnetohydrodynamics, 18.-21.06.2018, Perm, Russia
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28767
Experiments and Simulations on the Magnetized Spherical Couette Problem
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
Experiments on the magnetized spherical Couette system are presently being carried out at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). A liquid metal (GaInSn) is confined within two differentially rotating spheres and exposed to a magnetic field parallel to the axis of rotation. Bifurcation diagrams for rotating waves, obtained with continuation methods when only the magnetic field is increased, are presented. This allows us to carefully investigate the time-scales of the nonlinear saturation of the radial jet, return flow, and shear layer instabilities, as found in previous studies. In addition, modulated rotating waves, obtained at secondary bifurcations, are exhaustively studied by means of direct numerical simulations, with main focus on their spatio-temporal symmetries. We find that at moderate differential rotation the modulated rotating waves give rise to several types of chaotic flows, but only for the radial jet instability. With this study we reveal how the flow patterns and time-scales depend on the magnetic field, reproducing thus different physical situations of the HZDR experiments.
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Lecture (Conference)
MHD Days and GdRI Dynamo Meeting, 2018, 26.-28.11.2018, Dresden, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28766
A Tayler-Spruit model of the solar dynamo with tidal synchronization
Stefani, F.; Giesecke, A.; Weber, N.; Weier, T.
Abstract
We present a solar dynamo model of the Tayler-Spruit type whose Omega-effect is coventionally produced by differential rotation but whose alpha-effect is assumed as being periodically modulated by planetary tidal forcing. This resonance-like effect has its rationale in the tendency of the current-driven Tayler instability to undergo intrinsic helicity oscillations which can be synchronized by periodic tidal perturbations. Specifically, we focus on the 11.07 years periodicity of the alignment of the tidally dominant planets Venus, Earth, and Jupiter. In the framework of a simple one-dimensional numerical model we prove the subcritical character of this Tayler-Spruit type dynamo. The typical dynamo modes are dipole fields, oscillating with a 22.14 year period, but also quadrupole fields pulsating with an 11.07 years period. Transitions between these field topologies are reminiscent of the observed behavior during the Maunder minimum. Further interesting features of the model are the emergence of mid-term fluctuations, and the intermittent appearance of reversed helicities in both hemispheres. With minor model modifications, the correct direction of the butterfly diagram comes out as a robust feature, too.
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
Planetary-Stellar Connection: The Sun's Lesson, 07.-09.05.2018, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28765
Thermal convection in rotating spherical shells: Temperature-dependent internal heat generation using the example of triple-𝛼 burning in neutron stars
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Chambers, F.; Watts, A.
Abstract
We present an extensive study of Boussinesq thermal convection including a temperature-dependent internal heating source, based on numerical three-dimensional simulations. The temperature dependence mimics triple-α nuclear reactions and the fluid geometry is a rotating spherical shell. These are key ingredients for the study of convective accreting neutron star oceans. A dimensionless parameter Raₙ, measuring the relevance of nuclear heating, is defined. We explore how flow characteristics change with increasing Raₙ and give an astrophysical motivation. The onset of convection is investigated with respect to this parameter and periodic, quasiperiodic, chaotic flows with coherent structures, and fully turbulent flows are exhibited as Raₙ is varied. Several regime transitions are identified and compared with previous results on differentially heated convection. Finally, we explore (tentatively) the potential applicability of our results to the evolution of thermonuclear bursts in accreting neutron star oceans.
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Physical Review Fluids 3(2018)2, 123501-1-123501-29
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.123501
Cited 2 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Open Access Version from arxiv.org
- Secondary publication expected
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28764
Self-excitation in a helical liquid metal flow: the Riga dynamo experiments
Gailitis, A.; Gerbeth, G.; Gundrum, T.; Lielausis, O.; Lipsbergs, G.; Platacis, E.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
The homogeneous dynamo effect is at the root of magnetic field generation in cosmic bodies, including planets, stars and galaxies. While the underlying theory had increasingly flourished since the middle of the 20th century, hydromagnetic dynamos were not realized in the laboratory until 1999. On 11 November 1999, this situation changed with the first observation of a kinematic dynamo in the Riga experiment. Since that time, a series of experimental campaigns has provided a wealth of data on the kinematic and the saturated regime. This paper is intended to give a comprehensive survey about these experiments, to summarize their main results and to compare them with numerical simulations.
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Journal of Plasma Physics 84(2018)3, 735840301
DOI: 10.1017/S0022377818000363
Cited 9 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Final Draft PDF 9,2 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28763
Continuation and stability of rotating waves in the magnetized spherical Couette system: secondary transitions and multistability
Garcia Gonzalez, F.; Stefani, F.
Abstract
Rotating waves (RW) bifurcating from the axisymmetric basic magnetized spherical Couette (MSC) flow are computed by means of Newton–Krylov continuation techniques for periodic orbits. In addition, their stability is analysed in the framework of Floquet theory. The inner sphere rotates while the outer is kept at rest and the fluid is subjected to an axial magnetic field. For a moderate Reynolds number Re = 10^3 (measuring inner rotation), the effect of increasing the magnetic field strength (measured by the Hartmann number Ha) is addressed in the range Ha ∈ (0, 80) corresponding to the working conditions of the HEDGEHOG experiment at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. The study reveals several regions of multistability of waves with azimuthal wavenumber m = 2, 3, 4, and several transitions to quasi-periodic flows, i.e modulated rotating waves. These nonlinear flows can be classified as the three different instabilities of the radial jet, the return flow and the shear layer, as found in the previous studies. These two flows are continuously linked, and part of the same branch, as the magnetic forcing is increased. Midway between the two instabilities, at a certain critical Ha, the non-axisymmetric component of the flow is maximum.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474(2018)2220, 20180281
DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0281
Cited 15 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Preprint PDF 4,3 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28762
The DRESDYN project: liquid metal experiments on dynamo action and magnetorotational instability
Stefani, F.; Gailitis, A.; Gerbeth, G.; Giesecke, A.; Gundrum, T.; Rüdiger, G.; Seilmayer, M.; Vogt, T.
Abstract
Magnetic fields of planets, stars and galaxies are generated by self-excitation in moving electrically conducting fluids. Once produced, magnetic fields can play an active role in cosmic structure formation by destabilising rotational flows that would be otherwise hydro-dynamically stable. For a long time, both hydromagnetic dynamo action as well as magnetically triggered flow instabilities had been the subject of purely theoretical research. Meanwhile, however, the dynamo effect has been observed in large-scale liquid sodium experiments in Riga, Karlsruhe and Cadarache. In this paper, we summarise the results of liquid metal experiments devoted to the dynamo effect and various magnetic instabilities such as the helical and the azimuthal magnetorotational instability and the Tayler instability. We discuss in detail our plans for a precession-driven dynamo
experiment and a large-scale Tayler–Couette experiment using liquid sodium, and on the prospects to observe magnetically triggered instabilities of flows with positive shear.
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Geophysical and Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics 113(2019)1-2, 51-70
DOI: 10.1080/03091929.2018.1501481
Cited 17 times in Scopus
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28761
Numerical simulation of multicomponent flows with the presence of density gradients for the upgrading of advanced turbulence models
Huang, M.; Höhne, T.
Abstract
The turbulence effects during the buoyancy-driven mixing was investigated at a vertical mixing (VeMix) test facility, which was developed to investigate the mixing of high borated and low borated coolant in nuclear reactor. Additional buoyancy terms are included in buoyancy-modified turbulence models, which have been implemented in the CFD code ANSYS CFX and validated with experimental data captured by optical methods and conductivity measurement technology. The physicality of the flow phenomena and the vortical oscillations analyzed by Fourier tranformation in both the experiments and simulations show good agreement under different flow conditions. The influence of different buoyancy models were investigated in detail and optimal models for simulations at similar flow conditions have been selected.
Keywords: Multicomponent flow; CFD; turbulence models; SBES; RANS; LES
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Nuclear Engineering and Design 344(2019), 28-37
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2019.01.025
Cited 7 times in Scopus
Downloads
- Final Draft PDF 1,7 MB Secondary publication
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28760
Simulation der Strömungsverhältnisse in einem DWR (Vor-Konvoi)
Höhne, T.; Kliem, S.
Abstract
Ziel der Untersuchung war der Nachweis möglicher Wirbel zwischen der 8.-9. Abstandshalterebene eines Vorkonvoi-Kerns, die zu Temperatur-Wechselbelastungen führen könnten. Es wurde eine 3D-CFD Modell genutzt, die instationäre Rechnung wurde mit einem geeignetem hybriden RANS-LES SBES Turbulenzmodell durchgeführt. Die CFD-Rechnung war off-line gekoppelt mit einem Neutronenkinetikprogramm (DYN3D). Es erfolgte eine Nutzung bekannter Druckverluste über der Kernhöhe zur Festlegung von Permeabilität und Widerstandskoeffizienten. Hierbei erfolgte eine Absicherung durch Vergleichsrechnungen mit einem Modell aus der Literatur. Die neutronenkinetische Rechnung wurde unter Normalbetriebsbedingungen mit einer prototypischen Leistungsverteilung im Kern bei EOC durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Berechnung zeigen keine großflächigen dominanten Wirbel im oberen Kernbereich. Der Kern wirkt als Gleichrichter und dämpft großräumige Wirbel. Die Analysen umfassten mehrere Höhenebenen im Kern und zeigen, dass in einigen Bereichen des Kernquerschnitts eine nach oben zunehmend gerichtete laterale Strömung zu den Austrittsstutzen auftritt. In anderen Bereichen des Kernquerschnitts tritt dagegen kaum Querströmung auf. Die Geschwindigkeiten sind Leerrohrgeschwindigkeiten. Um diese in Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten umzurechnen, müssen diese durch die Porosität (ca. 0.4 in vertikaler und ca. 0.25 in horizontaler Richtung) geteilt werden. Die berechnete Leerrohrgeschwindigkeit von 2 m/s entspricht einer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit im Kern von ca. 5 m/s. Analog ist die Transversalgeschwindigkeit von 0.05 m/s (Leerrohr) einer Strömungsgeschwindigkeit von 0.2 m/s gleichzusetzen.
Folgende Einschränkungen des Modells gelten jedoch: Im Modell sind alle Brennelemente gleich behandelt und Querströmungen auf Grund unterschiedlicher axialer Druckverluste bei verschiedenen BE-Typen können nicht dargestellt werden. Die komplexe Struktur der BEs (bspw. Strömungsfahnen in AHs) könnte einen Einfluss auch auf die Bildung großräumiger Wirbel haben. Dieser Effekt könnte nur mit einer sehr hohen Anzahl Gitterelemente aufgelöst werden (mehrere Milliarden). Dies ist momentan rechentechnisch noch nicht möglich. Auch der mögliche Einfluss von Zweiphasenströmungen wurde nicht betrachtet.
Keywords: Vor-Konvoi; CFX; DYN3D; RPV
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Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte / Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf; HZDR-099 2019
ISSN: 2191-8708, eISSN: 2191-8716 -
Lecture (Conference)
CFD-Verbund, 12.-13.03.2019, Garching, Deutschland
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28758
Example of computations for boron dilution (system code, CFD and neutronic assessment)
Höhne, T.; Kliem, S.
Abstract
Analysis of core responses during boron dilution scenarios requires use of different codes
Realistic boundary conditions especially for the coolant mixing can mitigate the consequences of higher slug volumes
Coupled neutron kinetic/thermal hydraulic core calculations needed for assessment of consequences
According to the results no violation of safety criteria observed
Keywords: DYN3D; ROCOM; Konvoi; PWR
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28757
Numerical simulation of density driven flows (PTS)
Höhne, T.
Abstract
Buoyancy driven mixing was investigated under simulated natural circulation conditions at the test facility ROCOM.
A transition matrix from momentum to buoyancy-driven flow experiments was selected for validation of the CFD software ANSYS CFX.
Buoyancy generated source and dissipation terms were proposed and introduced into the balance equations for the turbulent kinetic energy .
The results of the experiments and of the numerical calculations show that mixing strongly depends on buoyancy effects: At higher Froude numbers (Fr>1.5) the injected slug propagates in the circumferential direction around the core barrel. With lower Froude numbers (Fr<0.85) buoyancy effects reduce this circumferential propagation at lower mass flow rates and/or higher density differences. The ECC water falls in an almost vertical path and reaches the lower downcomer sensor directly below the inlet nozzle.
Keywords: buoyancy-driven flow; PTS; ROCOM; ECC
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28756
Numerical simulation of boron dilution and cold-water transients
Höhne, T.
Abstract
Boron Dilution scenarios were indentified for the use of 3D flow and mixing tools
Buoyancy driven mixing was investigated under simulated natural circulation conditions at the test facilities ROCOM and GMTF.
Hybrid meshes consisting at least of 2-8 million nodes were used.
The experiment and CFD calculations show in both cases significant mixing effects due to the density differences.
The ANSYS CFX calculations show a good qualitative agreement with the data.
CFD simulation of fibre material transport in a PWR core under loss of coolant conditions
Implementation of strainer model for the spacer grid
Keywords: CFX; PWR; ROCOM; Mixing
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28755
ROCOM Experiments – 2
Höhne, T.; Kliem, S.
Abstract
Goal: Investigation of coolant mixing at constant flow rates in the primary circuit
Variation:
Mass flow rate in the loop (10 - 160 %)
Number of operating loops
Status of non-operating loops (reverse flow or closed)
Friction losses at core inlet (lower, nominal and enhanced)
Keywords: ROCOM; Mixing Scalar; RPV; Konvoi
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28754
ROCOM Experiments – 1
Höhne, T.; Kliem, S.
Abstract
Goal: Investigation of coolant mixing at constant flow rates in the primary circuit
Variation:
Mass flow rate in the loop (10 - 160 %)
Number of operating loops
Status of non-operating loops (reverse flow or closed)
Friction losses at core inlet (lower, nominal and enhanced)
Keywords: ROCOM; Mixing Scalar; RPV; Konvoi
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28753
Overview of the Mixing Test Facility ROCOM
Höhne, T.; Kliem, S.; Prasser, H.-M.
Abstract
PWR is equipped with 2 or more loops (German KONVOI: 4)
Boron dissolved in the coolant acts as neutron absorber
Hypothetical accidents with creation of lower borated slugs in single loops
Importance of mixing of coolant with different boron content
Keywords: ROCOM; Konvoi; PWR; RPV; Wire Mesh Sensor
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Invited lecture (Conferences)
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan -
Contribution to proceedings
TC Expert Mission on Analysis of Heterogeneity in Coolant and Transient Boron Dilution Temperature Distribution, 11.-15.02.2019, Islamabad, Pakistan
Permalink: https://www.hzdr.de/publications/Publ-28752
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